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Germany Theme 2 > Germany 1918-89, Theme 2c: Popular Support > Flashcards

Germany 1918-89, Theme 2c: Popular Support Flashcards

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1
Q

Why was their a high level of support for a republic in 1918?

A

Germany’s defeat in the war was inevitable and this changed people’s opinions.

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2
Q

What were the main reasons support for the republic emerged?

A

People blamed the Kaiser for the war and saw him as an obstacle to peace, and to gain a more favourable peace deal from the USA.

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3
Q

What happened between union leaders and employers in 1918?

A

ZAG created to improve the lives of German workers.

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4
Q

What did the ZAG reform?

A

Official trade union recognition, established work committees, 8 hour working day.

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5
Q

Why did the vast majority of the trade unions support the republic?

A

The creation of the ZAG and the new worker’s rights.

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6
Q

What event displayed the support the republic received from the working classes?

A

The defeat of the Kapp Pustch through a general strike.

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7
Q

How many strikes were there in 1922?

A

4500

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8
Q

Why did KPD support grow after 1930?

A

Employment was growing.

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9
Q

What was the KPD vote in 1928?

A

0.1

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10
Q

What was the KPD vote in 1932?

A

0.14

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11
Q

Why did the middle classes show less support to the Weimar Republic?

A

They voted for the nationalist and liberal parties which had supported the monarchy.

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12
Q

Why did many middle class voters fear the republic by 1919?

A

There vote was split between the ZP, DDP and DVP. Working class voting was largely SPD who many feared would establish a worker’s state.

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13
Q

What event in 1923 weakened middle class support for the Republic?

A

Hyperinflation and collapse of their savings.

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14
Q

Why did the middle classes vote Nazi post-1929?

A

They believed that the Nazis would protect them from the growth of communism.

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15
Q

Why were women initially large supporters of the republic?

A

Their strikes on the home front helped bring down the monarchy.

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16
Q

How much of the ZP vote was from women?

A

0.6

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17
Q

How did women vote differently to men?

A

Less likely to support extremist parties.

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18
Q

What was the Black Horror aimed at?

A

Black French Soldiers in the Ruhr and their removal through support of nations such as the USA.

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19
Q

How did the Black Horror undermine the government?

A

It showed they were unable to end the occupation of the Ruhr.

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20
Q

How did the Black Horror strengthen the right?

A

Its racist tones made undemocratic and nationalistic messages more popular.

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21
Q

What was the 1929 referendum aimed at?

A

Defeating the Young Plan.

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22
Q

What was the result of the 1929 referendum?

A

14% voted against the plan.

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23
Q

Why do most historians believe the German people supported at least some of the Nazi policies?

A

Economic revival and foreign policy successes.

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24
Q

Which two groups were the most likely to oppose the regime in Germany?

A

Working classes and Catholics.

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25
What did the Nazis wish to capture in the people in their government?
A sense of national unity - the 'spirit of 1914'.
26
Why did people support the Nazis?
Economic revival, militarism revival, prejudice against minorities.
27
How did Nazi propaganda portray the economy after Hitler's appointment>
As an economic miracle on behalf of the Nazis.
28
Which of Hitler's initial foreign policy decisions were highly popular?
Withdrawal from the League of Nations in 1933 and remilitarisation of the Rhineland in 1936.
29
Which events did the Nazis utilise as propaganda tools?
Hitler's birthday, Reich Harvest Festival, 1936 Olympics.
30
Why did the young support the Nazis in particular?
They had been born in the First World War and were more subject to propaganda of the Nazis. Nazi militarism and nationalism was very popular among them.
31
Why did the middle classes support Nazism?
1923 hyperinflation, 1929 crash had ruined their faith in democracy and German economy.
32
Why were civil servants supporting the Nazis?
Tended to be conservative, and Bruening's wage cuts cost many their livelihoods.
33
Why did educated Germans support the Nazis?
Nazis excluded Jewish academics giving opportunity to many educated Germans.
34
Why did educated Germans support the Nazis due to career oppotunities?
The Nazis needed educated professionals to run the FYPO and the Todt Organisation.
35
Why did middle class business owners support the Nazis?
The Nazis abolished the trade union movement, SPD and KPD.
36
How did the Nazis win the support of the working classes when in government?
the DAF implemented factory reforms to improve working conditions.
37
Why did the working classes not support Nazism as strongly as the middle classes in the 1930s?
Living standards remained lower. Beer consumption half of what it was in 1927.
38
How much higher was the Nazi vote in the country than in the cities in July 1932?
0.28
39
Why did the peasantry support the Nazi regime.
The push for autarchy meant that peasant lands were more valued and business thrived.
40
Why did some women support the Nazis?
Believed that the natural place for a women was in the home.
41
How many Protestant members of youth groups joined the Hitler Youth in July 1933?
700000
42
Why did Protestants support the Nazis in larger numbers?
German national church and nationalism were heavily linked. Many protestants believed Nazism was a revival of traditional German values.
43
When did Hitler sign a concordat with the Catholic Church?
June 1933.
44
How did the Concordat gain the Nazis passive acceptance from most Catholics?
Allowed the independence of youth groups and the education system.
45
Why did individuals such as Bishop Galen protest against the Nazis?
Their clamp down on Catholic youth groups and Nazi support for euthanasia.
46
Which events were put as plebiscites to the German people by the Nazis?
Leaving the League of Nations, Hitler becoming Fuehrer, Saarland, Remilitarisation of Rhineland, Anschluss.
47
How many members did the Nazi party have in 1930?
120000
48
How many members did the Nazi party have in 1933?
850000
49
How many members did the Nazi party have in 1940?
5 million.
50
What are the majority of Germans considered to be in their support for the Nazis?
"yes but" Nazis who supported some areas of the regime but not others.
51
Why did the reaction of the people to the outbreak of war in 1939 show failure of the Nazis?
Lack of popular support for the war meant militarism was not instilled into the German people.
52
Why did support for the Nazis shrink in the war?
Rumours spread of Nazi defeat at Stalingrad, North Africa and D-Day.
53
Why did support for the regime not collapse during the war?
Patriotism, Propaganda against the Russian Army, propaganda of the V1/V2 bombs, morale due to allied bombing of areas such as Dresden.
54
Why did food mean support for the regime in the war?
The Nazis ensured no food shortages in the war as in the First World War.
55
What actions in rationing gained support for the regime?
Fair and efficient rations, increased rations on holidays such as Christmas.
56
What was Nazi propaganda aimed at?
Building support for the regime through theatre, radio, art, press. Demonising regime opponents such as Jews and minorities.
57
How many people owned a radio in 1932?
0.25
58
How many people owned a radio in 1939?
0.7
59
How did Hitler and Goebbels disagree on propaganda?
Hitler wanted clear propaganda, Goebbels wanted subtle.
60
Name two obvious propaganda films.
Hitlerjunge Quex and The Eternal Jew.
61
How many films made in Nazi germany contained an explicit political message?
1/6.
62
Why was Hitler centred in much of Nazi propaganda?
Most people had no interest in politics and propaganda so focusing on Hitler made propaganda more accessible.
63
How was Hitler presented by Nazi propaganda?
Germany's messiah, will of the people, above party politics, architect of Germany's economic revival, protector of German justice.
64
How was Nazi propaganda limited?
Was not successful at convincing people of new beliefs, rather only embedding currently held beliefs.
65
Main aims of Denazification?
Highlighting concentration camp horrors, war tribunals to punish Nazis, banning the Nazi Party, screening civil service for former Nazis.
66
Why were former Nazis eventually integrated into government?
Many possessed the skills needed to rebuild the FRG.
67
What were the aims of the post-war tribunals?
To punish former Nazis, to educate the world on Nazi horrors.
68
Why did most tribunals halt by 1948?
Cold War took importance.
69
What did the Nuremberg Trials expose?
Nazi racial policy,
70
Why were the Nuremberg Trials limited?
Only a small pool of Nazis were prosecuted.
71
How many Nazis were trailed at Nuremberg?
177 of 5000 large pool.
72
How many people were prosecuted in the post war tribunals?
5000
73
Why was deciding the purpose of deNazification an issue?
Debate on punishments vs rehabilitation and acceptance of Western Values.
74
Why did denazificaton fail largely?
Nazis were a party with over 5 million members, and many more who were in the Hitler Youth and the Strength Through Joy.
75
Why was the Nazi past of many citizens ignored?
They were skilled workers who were necessary for the FRG to function.
76
How many citizens did the US list as answerable to charges?
3.5 million.
77
What was the effect of the 1951 Reinstatement Act?
Many formers Nazis rejoined the civil service.
78
Who were the Diplomatic Corps?
A group of FRG police, 43% had been SS members.
79
How many formers Nazis were in Adenauer's 1949 foreign ministry?
39
80
Who was Gerhard Schroeder?
A former Nazi responsible for the banning of the KPD.
81
How many Germans held a good view of Hitler in an anonymous 1952 poll?
0.25
82
What was the voting turnout in the FRG in 1949?
0.78
83
What was the voting turnout in the FRG in 1972?
0.91
84
What did the high voting turnout show about the FRG?
It's democracy was stable and people were actively engaged.
85
What was the maximum membership of the DKP in the FRG?
Only 50,000.
86
When was the GDR sponsored DKP created?
1968
87
What did the integration of the Green party in 1983 show about the FRG?
Its support and stability as it was easily able to encompass new political movements.
88
Why was the CDU popular in the FRG?
Adenauer's leadership, spoke to Roman Catholics, strong moral values and dominated the middle ground, commitment to welfare and a social market policy.
89
Which act showed the CDUs commitment to the welfare state?
The 1947 Ahlen programme, which promoted social policies.
90
Why was the CDU popular with its foreign policy?
Most germans supported a Western Alliance, EEC membership and economic growth policies. The SPD did not offer these until after 1959.
91
How much of the vote did the CDU gain in 1949?
0.31
92
How much of the vote did the CDU gain in 1957?
0.5
93
How many houses were built from 1949-61 as a result of the 1950 Construction Law and housing welfare?
6 million.
94
What was established to help the trade union movement of the FRG?
the GFTU which meant most workers belonged to a union in 1949 and felt represented. Allowed unions to negotiate with the government.
95
How did Adenauer improve industrial relations in the FRG?
1951 Codetermination Law allowed workers to be on managerial boards.
96
How many strike days did the FRG have per 1000 workers in 1965-69.
6

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