Germany Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
what happened at the end of oct. 1918?
A
german navy mutinied
fighting spread thru germany in winter 1918-19
2
Q
who was the kaiser/emperor?
A
kaiser wilhelm
3
Q
when did the kaiser abdicate?
A
november 1918
chancellor ebert declared germany a republic
4
Q
explain the spartacist’s revolution
A
jan 1919
wanted communism
leibknecht and luxemburg
freikorps suppressed them
5
Q
explain kapp putsch
A
1920 kapp ebert reduced freikorps numbers ended by general strike of workers kapp fled abroad
6
Q
reasons for french occupation of the ruhr
A
1922 -> ger. didnt pay reparations
1923 -> french & belgian troops invaded ruhr
they took coal and steel
7
Q
when did stressemen become chancellor?
A
1923
he introduced rentenmark
8
Q
dawes plan
A
1924
reparations reduced
USA to give ger. loans
9
Q
young plan
A
1929
reparations reduced to £1850 million
to be paid over timescale of 59 years
10
Q
locarno pact
A
1925
ger. signed pact with : UK, france, belgium, italy
will respect borders
solve problems peacefully
11
Q
league of nations
A
1926
other countries let ger. join
showed they were gaining trust worldwide
12
Q
wage increase in 1920s?
A
10%
13
Q
who lost savings in 1923?
A
middle class
14
Q
how many new houses built?
A
2 million
living standards improved
15
Q
kellog-briand pact
A
1928
ger. + 64 nations signed
promised to only use armies for self defence
16
Q
how many female teachers and doctors by 1933?
A
100,000 teachers
3,000 doctors
new fashions let them drink and smoke
17
Q
examples of development in culture
A
otto dix
george grosz
bauhaus design
metropolis
18
Q
when did hitler join DAP (ger. worker’s party)?
A
1919
failed artist
19
Q
what were the effects of french occupation of the ruhr?
A
inflation from WW I worsened workers on passive resistance -> govt printed money to pay them but less new goods produced hyperinflation young boy shot
20
Q
who created DAP?
A
anton drexler
21
Q
when did the DAP become NSDAP?
A
1920
22
Q
when did hitler become leader of nazi party?
A
1921
23
Q
explain 25 point programme
A
unite all germans to create a greater germany scrap T of V nationalise businesses generous old age pensions strip jews of citizenship designed to appeal to all
24
Q
role of SA
A
protected nazi meetings
private army under rohm
beat up political opponents
25
when was munich putsch?
1923
26
reasons for munich putsch?
hitler hated WR
saw it as weak after ruhr invasion + hyperinflation
angry stresemen ended pasive resistance
27
consequences for munich putsch
```
16 nazis died
hitler put on trial
his speeches gained publicity from court
found guilty of treason -> sentenced to 5 yrs
only served 9 months
hitler wrote mein kampf
```
28
how many people held hostage in beer hall?
2,000
29
why did nazi support decrease between 1924-28?
economy improved under stresemen
people happier
hitler seen as dangerous extremist
30
when did nazi party relaunch/reorganise?
1925
| hitler released from prison
31
when were gauleiters introduced?
1925
| after hitler left prison
32
events of bamberg conference
```
1926
goebbels became gauleiter of berlin
rohm forced to resign
SS created
Hitler Youth created
```
33
why did unemployment increase?
1929 wall street crash -> great depression
34
how many were unemployed by 1932
6 million
| many homeless roaming the streets
35
why did WR fail to solve unemployment?
didn't want to print more money to avoid debt
raised taxes
reduced benefits
situation got worse
36
why did communist support grow?
some wanted communist takeover like in USSR
| communist party became 2nd biggest after nazis
37
why did nazi support start to grow again?
```
middle class feared communist revolution, crime and disorder
hitler promised to deal with these issues
```
38
when did nazi propaganda begin?
1929
39
who was head of propaganda?
goebbels
40
state methods of propaganda
mass rallies
posters
newspapers
news reels before movies -> cinema was popular
41
why was nazi propaganda useful?
messages were simple and easy to understand
| focused on hitler
42
when was rohm reappointed leader of SA?
1929
43
work of SA 1929-33
protect nazi meetings
break up communist meetings
had many fights
44
explain von-papen's deal
made chancellor in 1932 -> didn't have majority
made deal with Hindenburg
hitler to become chancellor
von-papen to become vice chancellor
45
events of munich putsch
```
marched into beer hall
2,000 help hostage
next day marched into munich
stopped by police
16 nazis killed
hitler shot in the arm and later captured by police
```
46
what are gauleiters?
in charge of gaues (areas)
47
when did hitler leave prison?
1925
48
when was the SS created?
1926
49
explain political situation in 1932
chancellor bruning had little support
pres. hindenburg ruled by decree
bruning stepped down
von papen became pres. but only had 68 seats
von papen arranged 2 elections but didnt gain seats
von papen suggested abolishing weimar constitution
von papen resigns -> still wants to regain power
nazis were biggest party -> 37% of votes
50
explain hindenburg and von papen's arrangement
```
1932 -> von papen appointed chancellor
didnt have majority
made deal with hindenburg
hitler -> chancellor
von papen -> vice chancellor
```
51
reichstag fire
feb 1933
hitler called for new elections -> reichstag burned down
van der lubbe (dutch communist) found inside and arrested
hitler declared state of emergency
4,000 communists arrested
52
enabling act
march 1933
election results -> nazis 44% -> still not majority
passed act with catholic party support
hitler could make laws without reichstag for 4 yrs
53
when were other parties/trade unions banned?
1933
trade unions replaced with ger. labour front (DAF)
only nazi party allowed
54
what was the threat from rohm and the SA
hitler feared rohm's power -> 1 mlln SA members
| they argued on policies and who should control the arm (homosexuality)
55
who was the SS leader?
himmler
56
explain the night of the long knives
1934
himler told hitler rohm was planning a coup
rohm + 200 other SA leaders arrested and shot
57
when did hindenburg die?
1934
58
why did hitler become fuhrer?
1934
hindenburg died
merged jobs of chancellor and president
more than 90% agreed in referendum
59
explain oath of allegiance
1934
army grateful hitler took control of SA
they swore an oath of allegiance to him personally
60
what's the gestapo?
state police
controlled by himmler & SS
paid informers
could arrest & imprison without warrant
61
what was the SS?
hitler's personal bodyguards
led by himmler
had to be pure aryan and physically strong
62
what was the SD?
intelligence body of nazi party
led by Heydrich
discovered and removed actual/potential enemies
63
explain conc. camps
```
run by SS or SD
harsh prisons -> people divided into groups
hard labour
little food
many died
```
64
explain nazi control of the legal system
judges had to be loyal nazis
judges wore swastikas
all laws interpreted in the nazi way
65
explain nazi policies towards the catholic church
concordat signed in 1933
hitler would leave catholic church alone
pope stayed out of politics/didn't comment on nazi policies
cath. church was powerful
66
explain nazi policies towards prot. church
reich church combined all prots.
| led by bishop muller
67
explain how newspapers and books were controlled
newspapers -> independent, but what they could print was controlled
if they printed unapproved stories they were shut down
mass book burning ceremonies to get rid of anti-nazi books
68
how were radios and loudspeakers used?
cheap radios made so each home could afford one
| loudspeakers on each street in towns so everyone could hear propaganda
69
how were rallies/sport used?
mass meetings for public events -> hitler's birthday
| sport encouraged to keep people fit and healthy
70
berlin olympics
1936
hitler used it to show strength/superiority of aryan germans
had a few jewish athletes to squash rumours
refused to shake successful Black Jesse Owens' hand
71
explain nazi control of literature and film
news reels before films
films told stories with nazi slants
writers had to write stories in favour of hitler/nazis
72
explain the extent of support for the nazi regime
most liked germany's economic success and stability
| but 1.3 mlln sent to concentration camps -> suggests less support for nazi regime
73
opposition from prots.
pastor niemoller opposed nazi control over the church
| arrested
74
opposition from caths.
cardinal galen opposed euthanasia programme
| not arrested
75
swing youth
wore baggy clothes
long hair
makeup
listened to jazz
76
edelweiss pirates
wrote anti-nazi graffiti
| fought hitler youth
77
nazi views on women
traditional
conservative clothes
shouldn't work
stay home and support the family
78
nazi policies towards women
given loans, medals + encouragement to have large families/more babies
lost their jobs
but did 1 yr duty year of work from 1937
79
was the duty year of work introduced?
1937
80
nazi aims for the young
boys -> brought up to be soldiers
| girls -> brought up to be future mothers/wives
81
hitler youth
1926
boys
14-18
focused on physical activities + nazi indoctrination
82
league of ger. maidens
1930
girls
14-18
focused on physical activities + nazi indoctrination
83
nazi control though education
lessons changed to give nazi slant
only ger. history/culture taught
extra time for physical activity
race science/eugenics
84
nazi policies to reduce unemployment
labour schemes -> build autobahns or bridges
rearmament provided jobs
jews, women, minorities -> lost their jobs
85
labour service (RAD)
all men had to do 6 months compulsory labour
physical poorly paid work
workers lived in army style conditions
86
describe autobahns
motorways
built to make transport easy for army
and provide jobs for unemployed
87
what was rearmament?
building tanks, ships + aircraft
| by 1939 -> 1.4 mlln soldiers -> 100,000 only allowed from T of V
88
what was invisible unemployment?
jews, women + minorities lost their jobs
| their numbers not recorded in official statistics
89
changing standards of living for ger. workers
average weekly wages increased -> but from a low base due to the depression
workers lost rights -> worked longer hours (43 to 47)
90
describe the ger. labour front (DAF)
trade unions banned
strikes illegal
DAF claimed to improve worker's rights -> but was a nazi tool of control
91
describe strength through joy (KdF)
leisure activities as rewards
theatre visits, museum tours, concerts, holidays, cruises
low cost
only nazi approved activities
1938 -> over 10 mlln people took KdF holidays
92
describe beauty of labour
improved workplace conditions
e.g. factory canteens, sports facilities,
but workers had to contribute in their spare time
93
nazi racial beliefs/policies
nazis wanted to create pure german race
believed aryans = superior, jews/minorities = inferior
hitler wanted LENENSRAUM (living space) in east for ger. people
94
treatment of slavs/gypsies
slavs -> slave labour for ger. people
gypsies -> separated from wider population in conc. camps
500,000 killed in death camps
95
treatment of homosexuals
homosexuality -> illegal
gay men -> arrested, sent to conc. camps
experimented on to find cures for homosexuality
96
treatment of black people
negermusik/jazz banned
385 sterilised -> mixed raced people
black disgrace of the rhineland
97
treatment of disabled
sterilised
| sent to "asylums" -> gassed and cremated
98
persecution of jews
laws passed to separate them from society + make life hard for them
conc. camps
99
describe the boycott of jewish shops
1933
organised by SA
J's painted on their windows
not that popular
100
nuremburg laws
1935
jews no longer ger. citizens
jew -> defined as anyone with 1 or more jewish grandparent
101
kristallnacht
1938 nov
polish jew gryznspan shot von rath (ger. diplomat)
in paris
used as an excuse to attack synagogues + jewish businesses in ger.
100 jews killed
20,000 jews sent to conc. camps
102
CREEPSHA
C-> Chancellor, calls for new elections, 1933
R-> Reichstag fire, 1933 feb
E-> Emergency laws/powers, 2nd elections 1933, march
E-> Enabling Act, 1933 april
P-> Political parties banned, 1933 june
S-> SA disbanded, night of the long knives, 1934 june
H-> Hindenburg dies, 1934 august
A-> Army Oath, 1934 september
103
when did hitler become chancellor?
1933
104
details of concordat
Reichskonkordat
treaty with vatican
july 1933
