germany part 3 Flashcards
doing chap 7 + 9, add 8 later (214 cards)
1
Q
what did all men between the ages of 18 and 25 have to do?
A
they had to spend six months in the RAD - national labour service; they would plant forests, mended hedges, and dug drainage ditches on farms. they had to wear uniform, and live in camps, but they were given free meals. they were paid only pocket money but they were employed
they also had to spend at least two years in the army - from 1935
2
Q
what did the nazis order the creation of in 1933?
A
a network of autobahns (motorways) to link Germany’s major towns and cities
3
Q
how many people worked on the autobahn?
A
about 100,000 - less unemployment
4
Q
what other plans from the nazis gave people work?
A
more schools and hospitals were being built
5
Q
what is rearmament?
A
when a country rebuilds its armed forces
6
Q
what did hitler’s rearmament give to the Germans?
A
it gave more people work, and contracts were formed between the gov and factory owners + bosses of large businesses
7
Q
what did hitler introduce which went against the ToV?
A
conscription (in 1935)
8
Q
why did hitler want to rearm Germany?
A
he wanted Germany to be known as a great military power again
9
Q
how did conscription cause the army to grow?
A
within five years (1935-1940 i think) the army grew from 100,000 men to 1,400,000 men (so more people were given jobs)
10
Q
how did nazis make it seem like there was less unemployment?
A
- women who gave up work would not be counted as unemployed
- part-time workers counted as full-time workers
- they would sack Jewish people and give their jobs to non-Jewish people, but the Jewish people who were sacked were not considered to be unemployed
11
Q
who was appointed as minister of economics?
A
Hjalmar Schacht, a respected banker
12
Q
how did Schacht solve the issue of needing raw materials for the goods Hitler wanted?
A
he signed trade deals with other countries in South America and South-East Europe, in return for German goods
13
Q
why was Schacht sacked?
A
Hitler was too impatient and his trade deals were not working fast enough
14
Q
who was Schacht replaced by?
A
Hermann Goering
15
Q
what scheme did Goering introduce in 1936?
A
the four year plan
16
Q
when was the four year plan introduced?
A
1936
17
Q
what did Goering attempt to make Germany (in terms of raw materials and other countries)?
A
self sufficient
18
Q
what was the aim of the four year plan?
A
to get Germany ready for war (produce the goods necessary)
19
Q
how did they make Germany self sufficient (or attempt to)?
A
if they were unable to find particular goods or resources, they would find alternatives or make artificial substitutes
20
Q
what are some examples of the alternatives Germany was able to produce?
A
- petrol from coal
- artificial wool and cotton from pulped wood
- make-up from flower
- coffee from acorns
21
Q
how did the nazis help the farmers?
A
- hitler cut their taxes
- he guaranteed them that they would not be thrown off their land
22
Q
what nazi policies upset the farmers?
A
- laws were introduced which stopped farmers dividing up their land and giving a part to each child
- this was an attempt to keep farms large and under control of the same family
- some farmers resented this because some children were no longer able to inherit their family farm and had to go to the city to look for new jobs
- some farmers liked it because it meant their farms were secure in their family for generations
23
Q
what organisation replaced trade unions?
A
the German Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront - DAF)
24
Q
what two schemes did the DAF run?
A
- the beauty of labour (Schonheit der Arbeit - SDA)
- strength through joy (Kraft durch Freude - KDF)
25
what was the beauty of labour scheme?
it tried to improve the working environment by installing better lighting, saftey equipment, new wash rooms, low-cost canteens, and sport facilities
26
what was the strength through joy scheme?
it organised leisure activities to encourage hard work; it was a reward scheme that offered cheap holidays, trips to the theatre, and tickets to football matches if workers met their targets
27
how were workers lives negatively impated during the nazi rule?
- lost rights because no trade unions
- couldn't quit or strike
- had to work as many hours as the nazis required
- some of the holidays that were rewarded to the workers who worked hard were still to expensive for most working-class Germans to afford
- food cost more as there was less in the shops from becoming self-sufficient
28
what did german armies attack in 1941?
the USSR
29
why did the nazis struggle in the USSR?
they weren't prepared for the cold - their guns didn't work and they were poorly clothed
30
how many germans died / surrendered at the battle of Stalingrad in the USSR?
over 80,000 died and 90,000 surrendered
31
what was rationed in nov 1939?
food and clothing
32
how many eggs were people limited to a week in 1939?
one egg a week
33
what goods were in very short supply during the war?
toilet paper and soap
34
what were some alternatives used to the supplies that were in short supply?
soggy stewed pine needles were used as a replacement to soap in the bath
35
what was hot water rationed to?
two days / week
36
who was made armaments minister in 1942?
Albert Speer
37
when was Albert Speer made armaments minister?
1942
38
what was Albert Speer told to do?
organise the country for total war - everything was focused on making weapons and giving soldiers food, anything that didn't contribute to the war was stopped
39
what was closed because of the 'total war' organisation?
beer houses, dance halls, and sweet shops, letter boxes were closed up too
40
how many foreign workers were brought in from conquered countries to work as slave labour in Germany by 1944?
seven million
41
what was the impact of the British and American bombing?
no electricity, water, or transport, there was flooding and gas explosions and constant danger of unexploded bombs, so many left to find refuge as refugees
42
what kind of state was nazi Germany under Hitler?
a police state
43
what is a police state?
a state where the police have a lot of power
44
what were the four main features of the police state in germany?
- concentration camps
- the SS
- the regular police + law courts
- gestapo
45
who was in charge of all the polie forces (and head of the SS)?
Heinrich Himmler
46
who was Himmler
head of SS, loyal nazi, knew Hitler since 1923
47
what were the concentration camps?
they were prisons where 'enemies of the state' were held, they were set up to 'correct' people who weren't doing what the nazis wanted. inmates were forced to work hard, some were tortured and some were worked to death
48
what were the SS?
- Schitzstaffe
- set up in 1925
- originally Hitler's personal body guards - but built up
- divided into three sections: the SD, the Waffen SS, and the Death's Head Units
49
what did the SD do?
a section of the SS who looked after security - could arrest anyone for any reason, search homes, and seize property. they even spied on and policed the nazi party
50
what did the Waffen SS do?
a section of the SS who were an elite group in the army
51
what did the Death's Head Units do?
they were a section of the SS who ran the concentration camps, and later the death camps
52
how did the police change under the nazis?
- the ordinary police continued their regular job but ignored crimes committed by nazis
- all the top jobs in the police were given to nazis
53
how did law courts change under the nazis?
- they were under nazi control
- new laws meant you could receive the death penalty for: telling an anti-Hitler joke, having sex with a Jewish person, and listening to a foreign radio station (as well as other things)
54
who were the gestapo?
- they were a secret police organisation.
- they didn't wear uniforms and spied on people who they thought might be a threat.
- they tapped calls and opened mail.
- they had the power to arrest and imprison anyone without trial, and to torture people.
- they ahd a huge network of informers who would report people.
- they encouraged children to report their parents/teachers.
- many germans informed on eachother because they assumed the gestapo would find out anyway
55
what was Joseph Goebbels official title?
the Minister of Enlightenment and Propaganda
56
what did Joseph Goebbels claim his limp was from and what was it actually from?
he said it was from ww1 but he was unable to fight in the war because of the disability in his foot
57
when did Goebbels join the nazis?
1924
58
how did Goebbels' opinion of Hitler change?
he was not fully supportive of him to start, but grew to totally admire him
59
what media did Goebbels use for censorship and propaganda?
- newspapers
- mass rallies
- films
- radio
- books
- theatre
- music
60
how did newspapers change under the nazis?
only stories that showed the nazis doing good things were allowed to be printed, and there were many negative stories about Jewish people. newspapers that printed stories that Goebbels didn't approve of were shut down
61
how did the nazis use mass rallies?
they were used to show Hitler's greatness. special arenas were built that could hold half a million people. choirs, bands, speeches, fireworks, and air shows were all used to show case how impressive and organised the nazis were
62
how did books, theatre, and music change under hitler?
writers were forced to write books, plays, and songs that praised hitler and the nazis
63
how did the nazis control films?
all film plots were shown to Goebbels before the film was made so he could approve. all films had to show the nazis positively and their 'enemies' badly
64
how did the nazis use radio?
they controlled all radio stations to put across nazi ideas. cheap radios were produced that could only tune in to nazi stations. more germans owned radios in the 1930s than americans. loudspeakers were put in the streets, factories, and cafes to broadcast nazi radio stations
65
what organisation did all musicians, writers, artists, and actors have to be apart of?
the chamber of culture
66
what happened if someone refused to join the chamber of culture?
they would not be allowed to work (as a musician/artist/writer/actor)
67
were all people allowed to join the chamber of culture?
no, some people (like Jewish people) were banned from joining)
68
who led the chamber of culture?
Joseph Goebbels
69
what was always shown before a film?
a news report of Hitler's achievments
70
what music was banned under the nazis?
- some of what was popular in the weimar era
- songs written by Jewish composers
- jazz
71
what did all music have to be (during the nazi times)?
german or austrian
72
what play was banned by the nazis as soon as they got into power?
Kurt Weill's Threepenny Opera because Weill was Jewish and the musical had lots of jazz in it
73
what did the nazis rule that all plays should mainly focus on?
german history and politics, and they allowed the work of some 'older' playwrights be preformed
74
what kind of clubs did the nazis shut down?
cabaret clubs
75
what book was banned by the nazis (among many many others obviously)?
All quiet on the western front - Erich Remarque ( because it was anti-war)
76
how many writers left germany between 1933 and 1945?
~2500
77
what did Hitler think of the (modern/abstract) art made during the weimar era?
he thought it was degenerate (perverted)
78
how many paintings did the nazis publicly burn?
5000
79
when did the nazis burn the paintings they didn't approve of?
1936
80
what did the nazis want art to be?
simple and clearly understandable, showing healthy, heroic German figures, family scenes of happy, strong, and 'pure' germans, and images of Hitler in heroic poses
81
did hitler like the bauhaus movement?
no
82
when did hitler close down the bauhaus movement?
in 1933
83
when was the olympic games held in berlin?
1936
84
what was stopped during the olympic games?
the anti-Semitic posters and newpapers temporarily
85
how did the germans winning the olympics help the nazis?
they claimes it proved that the german race was superior to all other races. also, the nazis claimed the technological advancements in filming the games showed the brilliance in german technology
86
which filmmaker filmed the olympic games?
Leni Riefenstahl
87
what type of filming did Riefenstahl pioneer at the games?
the use of tracking shots to follow an athlete's movement in slow motion
88
what was the lowest type of opposition to the nazis?
moaning or grumbling about them; in the privacy of their own homes some would tell an anti-hitler joke or complain about the treatment of their Jewish friend
89
how did the Swing Youth show their dislike of the nazis?
by listening to jazz music and having Jewish friends
90
what did the White Rose group do?
they urged Germans to get rid of Hitler and handed out anti-nazi leaflets, put up posters, and grafitied the walls
91
what did the Edelweiss Pirates and the Navajos do?
they beat up nazi officials and helped army deserters
92
what did the catholic church speak out about and when?
1941, spoke out about the killing of physically and mentally disabled people
93
how many attempts were there to kill hitler?
50
94
who were the Kreisau circle?
army officers, uni profs, and aristocrats who were shocked by the nazis plans for war and their brutality
95
did the kreisau circle actually do anything?
no, they just discussed killing him
96
who led the Beck-Goerdeler group?
former army general Ludwig Beck and nazi official Karl Goerdeler
97
what did the Beck-Goerdeler group do?
they contacted the British about the possibility of removing hitler but couldn't come up with a plan, but they did try to assassinate him by them selves three times (?)
98
when did the Beck Goerdeler group try to assassinate hitler?
march 1943 and november 1943 and they were behind the july bomb plot of 1944
99
what happened in the July bomb plot?
the army officer COlonel Claus von Stauffenberg agreed to be a part of a group that would detonate a bomb where hitler was meeting and thnen take over germany, end the war, and change germany for the better. but they bomb failed to kill Hitler
100
how many men were killed in the July Bomb plot?
four
101
how was Hitler affected by the July Bomb plot?
his hair was burnt and his ear drums were burst
102
when was the July Bomb plot?
20th July 1944
103
why did Hitler use the school system to brainwash the children?
- he believed that if they learnt to idolise him when they were young, they would continue to admire him for the rest of their lives
- he also realised that he may have to call upon them in the future to put up with hardships, to fight, and even die for him
104
what did Hitler use schools to do?
he used every subject to put forward nazi propaganda and beliefs and brainwash them into loving him and the nazi party
105
how did the school system change in the 1930s?
- amount of time given for PE trebled
- race studies (eugenics) was introduced as a subject in schools
106
what were the children taught in their 'race studies' lessons?
they were taught how to improve their race and about the nazi belief in the inferiority of black people, eastern europeans, and, in particular, jews - so a whole gen of children grew up thinking they were better than other races
107
what did all teachers have to join?
the German Teachers League
108
what happened to teachers who didn't want to teach the nazi way?
they were sacked
109
how were textbooks rewritten under the nazis?
rewritten so that nazi beliefs were taught as accepted facts
110
what happened to students identified by teachers as potential future nazi leaders?
they were sent to special academies known as 'Napolas'
111
what was the name of schools set up by the hitler youth organisation?
adolf hitler schools
112
what percentage of uni lecturers were replaced between 1933-1934?
15 percent - a third for racial reasons, half for political reasons
113
how many uni lecturers were dismissed by 1939?
3000
114
how were German uni's forced to change their courses?
the courses had to reflect what the nazis believed - eg. Physics courses did not have einstein's theory of relativity bc he was Jewish
115
what did all uni students have to do?
train as a soldier for a month each year
116
did the nazis see a university education as being important?
not really, fewer Germans attended university during the nazi era
117
when was the hitler youth organisation set up?
1922
118
what did Hitler do to the youth groups in Germany after rising to power?
he banned all youth groups other than the Hitler youth
119
what were the children taught in the hitler youth org?
- they would talk about nazi beliefs and ideas
- they learnt how important it was to be loyal to Hitler
- the boys learn military skills
- the girls learnt how to be good wives and mothers
120
when was the law for the incorporation of german youth passed?
1936
121
what did the law for the incorporation of german youth do?
made the hitler youth club equal in importance to school and home (legally)
122
when was membership of the hitler youth org made compulsory?
1939
123
which organisation controlled all sports facilities and youth competitions for children under 14?
the hitler youth
124
which clubs would the german boys join at each age?
aged 6-10: the little fellows
aged 10-14: young folk
14-18: become a fully fledged member of hitler youth
125
what did the boys learn at their club meetings?
- how to march
- how to fight with knives
- how to fire a gun
- how to keep themselves fit
- went on weekend camps each month
126
what did the nazis want to do with the hitler youth?
prepare the boys for their future roles as soldiers
127
what clubs did the german girls join at each age?
aged 10-14: young girls
aged 14-17: league of german girls
128
what were the girls taught at their club meetings?
- still went on tough marches and attended weekend camps
- mainly learnt how to keep fit, cook, and look after babies
129
what did the swing youth do?
went to parties and listened to american jazz music
130
what gangs did the youth form who didn't join the hitler youth?
- the 'roving dudes'
- the 'edelweiss pirates'
- the 'navajos'
131
what did the gangs formed by the youth who didn't join the hitler youth do?
they went campaigning, sang songs making fun of Hitler, and even physically attacked Hitler Youth Groups
132
what was life like for women pre-nazis?
- had many rights that women in other countries didn't have
- had the right to vote
- had equal pay if they worked in the government
- many attended uni and became lawyers and docs
133
what did the nazis think a woman's duty was?
to stay at home, have lots of children, and support their husbands (three k's - kinder, kirche, kuche - children, church, cooking)
134
why did the birth rate drop in germany during the weimar gov?
women were more career driven
135
why weren't the nazis happy about the low birthrate?
they felt it didn't fit with their plans to expand Germany's territory and settle germans in other areas
136
why were women banned from jury duty by the nazis?
they claimed they were unable to think without emotion
137
what happened to many female docs, teachers, lawyers, and judges after Hitler came to power?
they were sacked
138
what were women banned from doing in many cities?
smoking - it was 'unladylike'
139
what were women discouraged to do?
- discouraged from getting a job
- discouraged from wearing trousers or high heels bc it was 'unladylike'
- discouraged from slimming bc not good for getting pregnant
140
what was the only thing that women were actively encouraged to do by nazis?
have children
141
what was given to newly married couples to encourage them to have children?
loans; on the birth of the first child, they could keep a quarter of the money, on the birth of another they could keep the second quarter, and so on
142
what did the nazis ban in order to increase the birth rate?
contraception and abortion
143
when was the motherhood medal awarded?
every year on the 12th of August (Hitlers mum's bday)
144
who was the motherhood medal awarded to?
women who had the most children
145
what did mothers with eight children recieve?
the 'gold cross'
146
what was the lebensborn movement?
'fountain of life' - nazi movement to try to stop the population decline in germany. girls were taught in school that it was their duty to produce racially pure children and SS men were acceptable, 'pure' fathers. if a young girl became pregnant (even unmarried), she received the very best medical treatment at a specially built 'lebensborn centre'
147
how many children were estimated to be born as a result of the lebensborn movement?
8000
148
what organisation was set up for women and focussed on giving advice?
the German Women's league - gave advice on cooking, childcare, and healthy eating
149
how many women attended one of the motherhood training courses by 1939?
1.7 million
150
what organisation was set up for women and was supposed to develop an elite female group dedicated to nazi beliefs and ideas?
the Nazi Women's Organisation
151
what did the law for prevention of diseased offspring do?
it meant that women with a history of mental illness, hereditary diseases or anti-social behavior (eg alcoholism) could be forcibly sterilised
152
how many germans were catholics?
around 20 million people, about a third
153
how many germans were protestants?
around 40 million people, about two thirds
154
why did some christians support the nazis?
- nazis said they believed in the importance of marriage, the family, and moral values and most christians also believed in the importance of these
- christians also feared communism bc it was anti-religious + Hitler promised to destroy it
- hitler promised to respect the catholic church
155
when did Hitler sign a concordat with the pope and what did it agree to?
1933, to agree not to interfere with each other
156
did Hitler respect his agreement in the concordat with the pope?
no, he quickly broke his agreement bc he felt that german catholics listened to the pope more than to him
157
what did Hitler do to the catholics?
- he harassed and arrested catholic priests
- closed down catholic youth clubs and schools
158
which well known religious leader criticised the nazis?
the Catholic Archbishop Galen
159
what did Archbishop criticise the nazis about and when?
in August 1941, he criticised their use of terror tactics, euthanasia, and concentration camps
160
what did the nazis to do Galen?
he was put under house arrest until the end of the war
161
what did the pope do when Hitler broke the agreement of the concordat?
he issued a statement saying the nazis were hostile to christ and his church
162
what were the protestants who admired nazis called?
German Christians
163
who was the leader of the German christians?
Ludwig Muller
164
who was the first reich bishop?
Ludwig Muller
165
what was the name of the church formed by protestants who were against the nazis?
confessional church
166
who led the confessional church?
Pastor Martin Niemoller
167
what did the nazis do about the confessional church?
they struck back and arrested 8000 pastors, and sent niemoller to a concentration camp. they also banned the confessional church
168
how many jehovah's witnesses were killed in concentration camps?
about a third of them
169
why did the nazis not like the jehovah witnesses?
they were pacifists and refused to fight in the army
170
what religious groups disappeared from germany after the nazis?
- salvation army
- christian scientists
- seventh day adventist church
171
how many gypsies died in death camps?
over half a million
172
how many jews died in death camps?
over six million
173
how did hitler persecute the jews after war broke out?
- they were rounded up and forced to work in areas known as ghettos
- some were hunted down and murdered by execution squads
- later they were sent to specially built death camps where they were murdered with poisonous gas
174
how many tramps, beggars, and alcoholics were sent to concentration camps in 1933?
around half a million
175
how many prostitutes, homosexuals and problem families were sent to concentration camps?
thousands of them
176
how many physically/mentally disabled people were forcible sterilised?
around 350,000
177
when did the nazis begin to kill physically and mentally disabled people?
from 1939
178
how many physically and mentally disabled people were killed by the nazis?
around 200,000 (including 5000 children) were murdered in specially-built 'nursing homes'
179
who did the nazis see as 'undesirables'?
- jewish people
- people of any other race
- tramps
- beggars
- alcoholics
- prostitutes
- homosexuals
- problem families
- people with strong religious beliefs
- physically disabled people
- mentally disabled people
180
why the nazis see very religious people as 'undesirables'?
some were pacifists and others refused to give total loyalty to anyone other than god
181
when were all jewish lawyers and judges sacked?
march 1933
182
what were jewish people banned from in april 1933?
from any sports clubs, and all jewish teachers were sacked
183
when were race studies introduced in German schools?
September 1933
184
what happened to jewish shops in january 1933?
they had to be marked with a yellow star of david, soldiers would stand outside shops turning people away
185
when were the nuremberg laws passed?
september 1935
186
what did the nuremberg laws do?
they made it illegal for Jewish people to vote, and banned marriages between jewish people and non-jewish people
187
what were jewish people banned from in january 1936?
banned from owning any electrical equipment (including cameras), bicycles, typewriters, or music records
188
when were Jewish doctors sacked?
july 1938
189
when were Jewish people forced to change their names?
August 1938
190
what did jewish people have to change their names to in august 1939?
men had to add Israel and women had to add Sara to their first names
191
when were jewish children banned from school?
november 1938
192
what happened to jewish people in november 1938?
- jewish children banned from school
- jewish homes, synagogues, and businesses attacked all over germany and austria
- about 100 killed and 20,000 sent to concentration camps (known as Kristallnacht)
193
when were jewish children banned from playing with non-jewish children?
december 1938
194
when were jewish people banned from using swimming pools?
december 1938
195
when were jewish people evicted from their homes for no reason?
april 1939
196
when were restrictions put in place for the times that jewish people were allowed out of their homes?
september 1939
197
when were jewish people not allowed to be out of their house (after september 1938)?
between 20:00-6:00
198
what was the name of the meeting where poison gas was chosen to kill the remaining jewish people in germany?
the Wannsee conference
199
when was the Wannsee conference?
early january 1942
200
what was the name of the plan made in the Wannsee conference?
the 'final solution' - the decision to kill the jewish people in germany with poison gas
201
why did Hitler hate the Jewish people?
- possibly because of jealousy of the richer jewish population in Vienna while he was a starving artist
- he blamed jewish people for Germany's defeat in the war
- thought Jewish bankers and businessmen hadn't done enough to help
- believed that Jewish people started the revolution in Germany which led to the kaiser leaving the country and the signing of the ToV
202
who ordered the SS to do what they did during the kristallnacht?
Goebells
203
how many jewish shops had their windows broken during the kristallnacht?
around 10,000
204
how many Jewish people were killed during the kristallnacht?
around 100
205
how many synagogues were burnt down during the kristallnacht?
nearly 200
206
how many jewish people were sent to concentration camps during the kristallnacht?
20,000
207
how many death camps were set up?
6
208
what were the execution squads called?
einsatzgruppen
209
what was the best known rebellion in the death camps?
the rebellion in Treblinka in 1943
210
what happened in Treblinka in 1943?
on of the prisoners managed to get into the weapons store where he handed out guns and grenades, and they set the camp on fire
211
how many prisoners escaped from Treblinka?
150
212
how many guards were killed in the Treblinka rebellion?
15
213
what did the nazis do after the rebellion in Treblinka?
they killed all the escapees, then killed about 550 other prisoners in revenge
214
how many german companies used Auschwitz prisoners as slaves to build their goods?
around 150
