GG Antarctica 4's Flashcards
(7 cards)
What is the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)?
The ATS, signed in 1959 and effective in 1961, is a global governance framework for managing Antarctica as a global common, prohibiting military activities and nuclear testing while promoting scientific research.
How did the Madrid Protocol enhance the ATS?
Signed in 1991 and effective in 1998, the Madrid Protocol protects Antarctica from commercial exploitation for 50 years, enhancing the legitimacy of the ATS.
How is Antarctica inspected and how are rules enforced?
Inspections are compulsory under the ATS. After the Madrid Protocol, environmental audits were introduced, but marine spaces are not inspected.
What is the International Whaling Commission (IWC)?
The IWC, established in 1949, regulates whaling and has expanded protections for various whale species over the years, limiting whaling to 1 or 2 countries for ‘scientific reasons’.
What is ASOC?
ASOC, founded in 1978, aims to prevent mineral exploitation and gained observer status in 1991 to represent NGOs at ATS meetings, focusing on various environmental issues.
How do NGOs ensure the protection of Antarctica?
NGOs act as independent advisers, challenge ATS decisions, conduct research, and propose long-term plans, such as ASOC’s network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) for the Weddell Seal.
What challenges exist for the future governance and protection of Antarctica?
Challenges include the expiration of the ATS in 2048, unresolved territorial claims, increasing human activity, and potential disagreements over MPAs.
