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Z2F/Comprehensive Flashcards > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

phases of alcoholic liver disease (3)

A

1- alcoholic fatty liver
2- alcoholic hepatitis
3- cirrhosis

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2
Q

medical emergency caused by alcohol withdrawal (& Treatment)

A

Delirium tremens- treat with Chloridazepoxide (or other long acting bentos e.g. Diazepam. Lorazepam can be used in patients with hepatic failure)

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3
Q

vitamin deficiency caused by alcohol?
Which disorders can this cause?

A

Alcohol can cause B1 (Thiamine deficiency)

Wernicke’s encephalopathy, which can progress to Korsakoff’s syndrome

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4
Q

Features of Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A
  • nystagmus
  • ophthalmoplegia
  • ataxia
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5
Q

Additional features in Korsaoff’s syndrome

A
  • Amnesia (anterograde and retrograde)
  • Confabulation
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6
Q

most common causes of liver cirrhosis (4)

A
  • alcoholic liver disease
  • non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  • Hep B
  • Hep C
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7
Q

What causes splenomegaly in liver cirrhosis?

A

Portal hypertension

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8
Q

What is lactulose used for in connection to liver cirrhosis?

A

Lactulose is used to treat hepatic encephalopathy

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9
Q

Features of hepatic encephalopathy?

A
  • confusion and altered GCS
  • asterix (liver flap)
  • constructional apraxia (inability to draw a 5-pointed star)
  • raised ammonia level
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10
Q

complication of cirrhosis: patient with cirrhosis, ascites and a fever?

A

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

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11
Q

stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (4)

A

1- non alcoholic fatty liver disease
2- non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
3- fibrosis
4- cirrhosis

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12
Q

full non-invasive liver screen for someone with unexplained abnormal LFTs (7)

A
  • Liver ultrasound
  • Hep B and C serology
  • Autoantibodies (ANA, SMA, AMA, LKM-1)
  • Immunoglobulins
  • Caeruloplasmin
  • Alpha-1 Antitrypsin
  • Ferritin and Transferrin saturations
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13
Q

First line test for assessing fibrosis in NAFLD

A

enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) test

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14
Q

Causes of hepatitis (5)

A

1- Viral
2- Alcohol
3- Autoimmune
4- fatty liver
5- Drug induced (e.g. paracetamol overdose)

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15
Q

Patterns with LFTs in hepatitis

A

Raised transaminases (AST/ALT)

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16
Q

Hep A:
1. DNA/RNA?
2. Mode of transmission?

A
  1. RNA
  2. Faecal-oral
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17
Q

Hep B :
1. DNA/RNA?
2. Mode of transmission?

A
  1. DNA
  2. Bloods/Fluids
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18
Q

Hep C:
1. DNA/RNA?
2. Mode of transmission?

A
  1. RNA
  2. Bloods/Fluids
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19
Q

Hep D:
1. DNA/RNA?
2. Mode of transmission?

A
  1. RNA
  2. With Hep B
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20
Q

Hep E:
1. DNA/RNA?
2. Mode of transmission?

A
  1. RNA
  2. Faecal-oral
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21
Q

Treatment for Hep C (and prognosis?)

A

Tx: Direct acting antivirals
>90% cure

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22
Q

typical demographic for type I autoimmune hepatitis?

A

women aged 40-50

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23
Q

Hep B serology:
HBsAg
1. What is it?
2. If it is positive?

A
  1. Surface antigen
  2. There is Hep B infection
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24
Q

Hep B serology:
HBeAg
1. What is it?
2. If it is positive?

A
  1. Hep B E Antigen
  2. The patient is in acute phase of Hep B infection
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25
Hep B serology: HBeAb 1. What is it? 2. If it is positive?
1. Hep B E Antibody 2. The patient is past the acute phase of infection
26
Levels of which marker should be checked four months after Hep B vaccination to ensure an adequate response to immunisation?
Anti-HBs
27
treatment for ascites secondary to liver cirrhosis
Aldosterone antagonist e.g. Spironolactone
28
patient with hair loss, mood changes, fatigue, bronze skin, erectile dysfunction, joint pain - Diagnosis? - what is the underlying issue?
Haemochromatosis -Build-up/excess absorption of iron in the body
29
gene mutations in haemachromatosis
HFE gene on chromosome 6
30
serum results for haemachromatosis:
- Raised ferritin - Raised transferrin saturation - Low Iron binding capacity
31
treatment for haemachromatosis
venesection
32
Complications of haemachromatosis (7)
- T1DM - Cardiomyopathy - liver cirrhosis - hepatocellular carcinoma - hypogonadism - chondrocalcinosis - hepatocellular carcinoma
33
symptoms associated with Wilson's disease
dysarthria, dystonia and tremor
34
Cause of Wilson's disease
'Wilson's disease protein' gene mutation on chromosome 13
35
Eye sign with Wilson's disease
Kayser Fleischer rings (copper deposit on iris)
36
initial investigation for Wilson's disease
Serum caeruloplasmin
37
Gold standard test for Wilson's disease
Liver biopsy
38
management of Wilson's disease
- Copper chelation - Penicillamine - Trientene
39
Genetic condition associated with bronchiectasis, emphysema and liver cirrhosis
Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
40
genetic defect in A1AT Deficiency
Autosomal recessive defect in the Alpha 1 Antitrypsin gene on Chromosome 14
41
64 year old woman with generalised itching and pale, greasy stools
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
42
antibodies associated with PBC
- Anti Mitochondrial Antibodies (AMA) - Anti-Nuclear Antibodies (ANA)
43
First abnormal LFT in PBC
Alkaline Phosphatase
44
Diagnostic test for PBC
Liver Biopsy
45
Medication to reduce cholesterol absorption in PBC
Ursodeoxycholic Acid
46
bile acid sequestrate used in PBC
Colestyramine
47
types of primary liver cancer
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) - Cholangiocarcinoma
48
Main risk factor for Hepatocellular carcinoma
Liver cirrhosis
49
main risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma
primary sclerosing cholangitis
50
treatment for peptic and duodenal ulcers
PPIs
51
ulcer which causes epigastric pain when hungry and is relieved by eating
duodenal ulcers
52
ulcer which causes epigastric pain worsened by eating
gastric ulcers
53
raised blood marker in upper GI bleed
raised urea
54
management of upper GI bleed
ABATED ABDCE Resus Bloods IV Access Transfusion Endoscopy Drugs (stop anticoagulants)
55
type of IBD which effects the entire GI tract
Crohn's
56
type of IBD with skip lesions
Crohn's
57
type of IBD where smoking is protective
Ulcerative Colitis
58
type of IBD where fistulas often form
Crohn's
59
type of IBD which affects only the superficial mucosa
Ulcerative Colitis
60
type of IBD which is treated with Aminosalicyclates
Ulcerative Colitis
61
type of IBD which is treated with Aminosalicyclates
Ulcerative Colitis
62
type of IBD which is associated with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Ulcerative Colitis
63
Screening test for IBD (both types)
Faecal caprotectin
64
First line for diarrhoea from IBD
Loperamide
65
Laxative to avoid in IBD
Lactulose (causes bloating)
66
Rash associated with coeliac disease
Dermatitis herpetiformis
67
Gene associated with Coeliac disease
HLA-DQ2

Z2F/Comprehensive Flashcards (7 decks)

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