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GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for Gastrointestinal tract

A

alimentary canal

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2
Q

What does the GI tract consist of

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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3
Q

Name the accessory digestive organs

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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4
Q

What are the three regions that the abdomen is divided into

A

Intrathoracic, true abdomen, the retroperitoneal abdomen

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5
Q

What is the intrathoracic region enclosed by and what does it contain

A

Enclosed by lower ribs and is distal to the diaphragm

Contains the liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach and transverse colon

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6
Q

What does the true abdomen contain

A

Small intestine, large intestine, lower portion of liver, bladder
Females: Uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries

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7
Q

Where is the retroperitoneal abdomen located and what does it contain

A

Lies behind the thoracic and true portions

Contains the kidneys, urters, pancreas, posterior duodenum, ascending and descending colon and inferior vena cava

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8
Q

What are the six basic functions of digestion

A

Ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation

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9
Q

What does the process of absorption in the GI tract

A

Done by the villi and microvilli

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10
Q

The GI tract has linings of the walls that are made up of what distinct layers of tissue

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

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11
Q

What is the mucosa

A

The innermost lining of the GI tract

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12
Q

What does the muscularis contain

A

Skeletal (voluntary) muscles and smooth (involuntary) muscles

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13
Q

What are the 2 sub layers of the serosa

A

Visceral and parietal peritoneum

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14
Q

What contains a “fatty apron” that drapes over the transverse colon and small intestine

A

The great omentum

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15
Q

What binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

A

The mesentery

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16
Q

What are the three salivary glands

A

The parotid, submandibular and sublingual

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17
Q

What do lysozomes do

A

Kill bacteria and protect the mouth from tooth decay

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18
Q

What does salivary amylase do

A

Begins the digestion of starches

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19
Q

What is the frenulum

A

It is the fold of mucous membrane in the middle underneath the tongue

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20
Q

What role do the teeth play of the GI tract

A

They perform mechanical digestion by chewing and breaking down food into small pieces

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21
Q

What are the sections of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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22
Q

What are the phases of swallowing

A

Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

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23
Q

What is the significance of the pharyngeal stage of swallowing

A

When the bolts is in the pharynx, the epiglottis seals off the larynx and the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes and the bolts moves into the esophagus

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24
Q

What is the j-shaped organ of the GI tract

A

The stomach

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25
The stomach is acidic with a pH of what
2
26
What is the most elastic part of the GI tract
The stomach
27
The stomach can be stretched to accommodate up to how much food
6.4 liters
28
What are the main regions of the stomach
The cardia, fundus, body and pylorus
29
Gastric gland cells are exocrine cells that secrete what types of contents that combine to create gastric juice
Mucous neck cells - secrete mucous Chief cells - secrete pepsinogen Parietal cells G cell
30
What do parietal cells secrete
Secrete Hydrochloric acid (HC1) - helps convert pepsinogen into pepsin Secrete Intrinsic factor - necessary for the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the small intestines
31
What is chyme
A thick liquid in the stomach that is made of gastric juices, and macerated food particles
32
What functions are part of the pancreas
Endocrine and exocrine functions
33
What is the Islets of Langerhans
A specialized area within the pancreas that is made of different types of cells that make hormones
34
What is the most common cell in the pancreas that produces insulin
Beta cells
35
What is glucagon
A hormone that is produced by alpha cells (found in the Islets of Langerhans)
36
What is a clear, colorless liquid made of enzymes that consist mostly of water, some salts and sodium bicarbonate
Pancreatic juice
37
Pancreatic juices contain what
Trypsin and chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, ribonuclease
38
What does trypsin and chymotrypsin do/breakdown
Protein digesting Proteins: broken down by enzymes into amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides
39
What is the second largest organ in the body
The liver Skin is the first largest
40
Bile and waste created in the liver are passed into what hepatic ducts
Left and right hepatic ducts
41
Bile produced in the gallbladder in secreted through what
The cystic duct
42
The left and right hepatic duct form with the cystic duct to create what
Common bile duct
43
The common bile duct forms with the pancreatic duct to form what
Hepatopancreatic duct
44
The muscular valve that controls the passage of contents from the hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum
Sphincter of Oddi
45
How long is the small intestine in a living person and in a cadaver
Living person - 3m (10 ft) Cadaver - 6.5m (21 ft)
46
What are the three segments of the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
47
What part of the small intestine has the most absorption properties
The ileum
48
Most of the digestion and absorption events occur where
Small intestines
49
90% of water is absorbed where
Jejunum
50
What is the last part of the GI tract
The large intestine
51
What is broken down into ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid portions
The colon
52
What connects the sigmoid colon to the anus
Rectum
53
What suggests intra-abdominal bleeding
Bluish periumbilical discoloration (Cullen sign)
54
What suggest retroperitoneal or intra-abdominal bleeding
Bluish flank discoloration (Gray-Turner sign)
55
Bowel sounds are heard as clicks and gurgles that occur irregularly and range from what to what
5-35 per minute
56
What is the biggest difference between inflammatory and non-inflammatory diarrhea
Inflammatory will have blood in the stool Non-inflammatory will not have blood in the stool
57
List some of the common bacterial causes of inflammatory diarrhea
Shigella, salmonella, E. Coli
58
What are some common causes of inflammatory diarrhea
Inflammatory bowel disease, malignancy, celiac’s disease, whippers disease HALLMARK Sx: blood in diarrhea
59
What are common viral causes of non-inflammatory diarrhea
Rotavirus, Norwalk virus
60
What are some common bacterial causes of non-inflammatory diarrhea
Vibriones, enterotoxin- producing E. Coli
61
What are some CHRONIC causes of non-inflammatory diarrhea
Lactose intolerance, IBS, and GIARDIA LAMBLIA
62
What is defined as acute gastroenteritis
3 or more times per day of rapid onset that lasts less than 2 weeks
63
What is re-absorbed in the ileum
Bile
64
What is absorbed in the ileum
B12
65
What is absorbed in the jejunum
Folate
66
What is absorbed in the duodenum
Iron
67
The ileum absorbs remaining nutrients such as what
B12, and bile salts. Bile salts are recycled to the liver and gallbladder for reuse
68
What is a form of infectious gastroenteritis caused by a viral infections and/or by its corresponding toxins
Acute viral gastroenteritis
69
What is chronic diarrhea
Symptoms that last for longer than 2 weeks
70
What are conditions in which there is histologic evidence of (damage) inflammation of the epithelial or endothelial of the stomach
Gastritis
71
What is typically diagnosed at endoscopy, often being performed because of dyspepsia or upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Erosive and hemorrhagic gastritis or gastropathy
72
When symptoms occur with gastritis, what may this include
Epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting, upper GI bleeding with “coffee grounds” emesis or bloody aspirate on NG Tube
73
What are other causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Peptic ulcer disease Esophageal varices Mallory-Weiss tear Boerhaave Syndrome
74
What is the treatment for NSAID gastritis
Discontinue NSAIDs, reduce to lowest dosage or administer NSAIDs with meals PPI 2-4 weeks
75
What is the treatment for alcoholic gastritis
Discontinue alcohol use H2 receptor antagonists, PPIs
76
What is the treatment for H. Pylori gastritis
Triple or quadruple drug regimen BID for 2 weeks PPI, AMOX, Clarithromycin, levofloxacin
77
How do internal hemorrhoids present
Located above the denante line and typically not painful in nature
78
How do external hemorrhoids present
Located below the dentate line and typically presents with pain
79
What are the primary locations that internal hemorrhoids commonly occur
Right anterior, right posterior, and left lateral
80
When is pain most severe for hemorrhoids
Within the first few hours but gradually eases over 2-3 days as edema subsides
81
Explain the stages of internal hemorrhoids
Stage I: confined to the anal canal Stage II: prolapse occurs during straining and reduces spontaneously Stage III: prolapsed hemorrhoids may require manual reduction Stage IV: chronically protruding and unresponsive to manual reduction
82
What is the definitive treatment for internal hemorrhoids
Surgical excision (hemorrhoidectomy) OR Surgical banding also known as rubber band ligation
83
What is usually linear or rocket shaped ulcers that are usually <5mm in length
Anal fissures
84
What is the hallmark C/C for a patient with anal fissure(s)
Severe, tearing pain DURING defecation followed by throbbing discomfort This may lead to constipation due to fear of recurrent pain
85
What is the treatment for anal fissure(s)
Promoting effortless, painless bowel movements Fiber supplements and sitz baths
86
What is the hallmark C/C for a patient with Anorectal Abscess
Throbbing pain that becomes worse immediately BEFORE defecation, is lessened defecation, but persists between bowel movements
87
What spaces are the most common and least often to become infected alone or in combination with each other
Most common: perianal abscess Least common: supralevator abscess

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