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Post TAV I IDC School > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for Gastrointestinal tract

A

alimentary canal

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2
Q

What does the GI tract consist of

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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3
Q

Name the accessory digestive organs

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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4
Q

What are the three regions that the abdomen is divided into

A

Intrathoracic, true abdomen, the retroperitoneal abdomen

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5
Q

What is the intrathoracic region enclosed by and what does it contain

A

Enclosed by lower ribs and is distal to the diaphragm

Contains the liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach and transverse colon

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6
Q

What does the true abdomen contain

A

Small intestine, large intestine, lower portion of liver, bladder
Females: Uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries

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7
Q

Where is the retroperitoneal abdomen located and what does it contain

A

Lies behind the thoracic and true portions

Contains the kidneys, urters, pancreas, posterior duodenum, ascending and descending colon and inferior vena cava

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8
Q

What are the six basic functions of digestion

A

Ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation

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9
Q

What does the process of absorption in the GI tract

A

Done by the villi and microvilli

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10
Q

The GI tract has linings of the walls that are made up of what distinct layers of tissue

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

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11
Q

What is the mucosa

A

The innermost lining of the GI tract

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12
Q

What does the muscularis contain

A

Skeletal (voluntary) muscles and smooth (involuntary) muscles

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13
Q

What are the 2 sub layers of the serosa

A

Visceral and parietal peritoneum

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14
Q

What contains a “fatty apron” that drapes over the transverse colon and small intestine

A

The great omentum

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15
Q

What binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

A

The mesentery

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16
Q

What are the three salivary glands

A

The parotid, submandibular and sublingual

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17
Q

What do lysozomes do

A

Kill bacteria and protect the mouth from tooth decay

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18
Q

What does salivary amylase do

A

Begins the digestion of starches

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19
Q

What is the frenulum

A

It is the fold of mucous membrane in the middle underneath the tongue

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20
Q

What role do the teeth play of the GI tract

A

They perform mechanical digestion by chewing and breaking down food into small pieces

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21
Q

What are the sections of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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22
Q

What are the phases of swallowing

A

Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

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23
Q

What is the significance of the pharyngeal stage of swallowing

A

When the bolts is in the pharynx, the epiglottis seals off the larynx and the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes and the bolts moves into the esophagus

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24
Q

What is the j-shaped organ of the GI tract

A

The stomach

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25
Q

The stomach is acidic with a pH of what

A

2

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26
Q

What is the most elastic part of the GI tract

A

The stomach

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27
Q

The stomach can be stretched to accommodate up to how much food

A

6.4 liters

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28
Q

What are the main regions of the stomach

A

The cardia, fundus, body and pylorus

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29
Q

Gastric gland cells are exocrine cells that secrete what types of contents that combine to create gastric juice

A

Mucous neck cells - secrete mucous
Chief cells - secrete pepsinogen
Parietal cells
G cell

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30
Q

What do parietal cells secrete

A

Secrete Hydrochloric acid (HC1) - helps convert pepsinogen into pepsin
Secrete Intrinsic factor - necessary for the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the small intestines

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31
Q

What is chyme

A

A thick liquid in the stomach that is made of gastric juices, and macerated food particles

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32
Q

What functions are part of the pancreas

A

Endocrine and exocrine functions

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33
Q

What is the Islets of Langerhans

A

A specialized area within the pancreas that is made of different types of cells that make hormones

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34
Q

What is the most common cell in the pancreas that produces insulin

A

Beta cells

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35
Q

What is glucagon

A

A hormone that is produced by alpha cells (found in the Islets of Langerhans)

36
Q

What is a clear, colorless liquid made of enzymes that consist mostly of water, some salts and sodium bicarbonate

A

Pancreatic juice

37
Q

Pancreatic juices contain what

A

Trypsin and chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, ribonuclease

38
Q

What does trypsin and chymotrypsin do/breakdown

A

Protein digesting

Proteins: broken down by enzymes into amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides

39
Q

What is the second largest organ in the body

A

The liver

Skin is the first largest

40
Q

Bile and waste created in the liver are passed into what hepatic ducts

A

Left and right hepatic ducts

41
Q

Bile produced in the gallbladder in secreted through what

A

The cystic duct

42
Q

The left and right hepatic duct form with the cystic duct to create what

A

Common bile duct

43
Q

The common bile duct forms with the pancreatic duct to form what

A

Hepatopancreatic duct

44
Q

The muscular valve that controls the passage of contents from the hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum

A

Sphincter of Oddi

45
Q

How long is the small intestine in a living person and in a cadaver

A

Living person - 3m (10 ft)
Cadaver - 6.5m (21 ft)

46
Q

What are the three segments of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

47
Q

What part of the small intestine has the most absorption properties

A

The ileum

48
Q

Most of the digestion and absorption events occur where

A

Small intestines

49
Q

90% of water is absorbed where

A

Jejunum

50
Q

What is the last part of the GI tract

A

The large intestine

51
Q

What is broken down into ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid portions

A

The colon

52
Q

What connects the sigmoid colon to the anus

A

Rectum

53
Q

What suggests intra-abdominal bleeding

A

Bluish periumbilical discoloration (Cullen sign)

54
Q

What suggest retroperitoneal or intra-abdominal bleeding

A

Bluish flank discoloration (Gray-Turner sign)

55
Q

Bowel sounds are heard as clicks and gurgles that occur irregularly and range from what to what

A

5-35 per minute

56
Q

What is the biggest difference between inflammatory and non-inflammatory diarrhea

A

Inflammatory will have blood in the stool
Non-inflammatory will not have blood in the stool

57
Q

List some of the common bacterial causes of inflammatory diarrhea

A

Shigella, salmonella, E. Coli

58
Q

What are some common causes of inflammatory diarrhea

A

Inflammatory bowel disease, malignancy, celiac’s disease, whippers disease

HALLMARK Sx: blood in diarrhea

59
Q

What are common viral causes of non-inflammatory diarrhea

A

Rotavirus, Norwalk virus

60
Q

What are some common bacterial causes of non-inflammatory diarrhea

A

Vibriones, enterotoxin- producing E. Coli

61
Q

What are some CHRONIC causes of non-inflammatory diarrhea

A

Lactose intolerance, IBS, and GIARDIA LAMBLIA

62
Q

What is defined as acute gastroenteritis

A

3 or more times per day of rapid onset that lasts less than 2 weeks

63
Q

What is re-absorbed in the ileum

A

Bile

64
Q

What is absorbed in the ileum

A

B12

65
Q

What is absorbed in the jejunum

A

Folate

66
Q

What is absorbed in the duodenum

A

Iron

67
Q

The ileum absorbs remaining nutrients such as what

A

B12, and bile salts.

Bile salts are recycled to the liver and gallbladder for reuse

68
Q

What is a form of infectious gastroenteritis caused by a viral infections and/or by its corresponding toxins

A

Acute viral gastroenteritis

69
Q

What is chronic diarrhea

A

Symptoms that last for longer than 2 weeks

70
Q

What are conditions in which there is histologic evidence of (damage) inflammation of the epithelial or endothelial of the stomach

A

Gastritis

71
Q

What is typically diagnosed at endoscopy, often being performed because of dyspepsia or upper gastrointestinal bleeding

A

Erosive and hemorrhagic gastritis or gastropathy

72
Q

When symptoms occur with gastritis, what may this include

A

Epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting, upper GI bleeding with “coffee grounds” emesis or bloody aspirate on NG Tube

73
Q

What are other causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding

A

Peptic ulcer disease
Esophageal varices
Mallory-Weiss tear
Boerhaave Syndrome

74
Q

What is the treatment for NSAID gastritis

A

Discontinue NSAIDs, reduce to lowest dosage or administer NSAIDs with meals

PPI 2-4 weeks

75
Q

What is the treatment for alcoholic gastritis

A

Discontinue alcohol use

H2 receptor antagonists, PPIs

76
Q

What is the treatment for H. Pylori gastritis

A

Triple or quadruple drug regimen BID for 2 weeks

PPI, AMOX, Clarithromycin, levofloxacin

77
Q

How do internal hemorrhoids present

A

Located above the denante line and typically not painful in nature

78
Q

How do external hemorrhoids present

A

Located below the dentate line and typically presents with pain

79
Q

What are the primary locations that internal hemorrhoids commonly occur

A

Right anterior, right posterior, and left lateral

80
Q

When is pain most severe for hemorrhoids

A

Within the first few hours but gradually eases over 2-3 days as edema subsides

81
Q

Explain the stages of internal hemorrhoids

A

Stage I: confined to the anal canal
Stage II: prolapse occurs during straining and reduces spontaneously
Stage III: prolapsed hemorrhoids may require manual reduction
Stage IV: chronically protruding and unresponsive to manual reduction

82
Q

What is the definitive treatment for internal hemorrhoids

A

Surgical excision (hemorrhoidectomy) OR

Surgical banding also known as rubber band ligation

83
Q

What is usually linear or rocket shaped ulcers that are usually <5mm in length

A

Anal fissures

84
Q

What is the hallmark C/C for a patient with anal fissure(s)

A

Severe, tearing pain DURING defecation followed by throbbing discomfort

This may lead to constipation due to fear of recurrent pain

85
Q

What is the treatment for anal fissure(s)

A

Promoting effortless, painless bowel movements
Fiber supplements and sitz baths

86
Q

What is the hallmark C/C for a patient with Anorectal Abscess

A

Throbbing pain that becomes worse immediately BEFORE defecation, is lessened defecation, but persists between bowel movements

87
Q

What spaces are the most common and least often to become infected alone or in combination with each other

A

Most common: perianal abscess
Least common: supralevator abscess

Post TAV I IDC School (5 decks)

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