GI

Question 1

What is a peptic ulcer?

Answer 1

A lesion in the stomach (gastric) or small intestine (duodenum)

Question 2

Name three aggressive factors that contribute to peptic ulcers.

Answer 2

• H. Pylori
• NSAIDs
• Acid
• Smoking

Question 3

List four defensive factors that protect against ulcers.

Answer 3

• Mucus
• Bicarbonate
• Blood flow
• Prostaglandins

Question 4

Which antibiotic is used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori?

Answer 4

• Amoxicillin (Amoxil)
• Clarithromycin (Biaxin)
• Metronidazole (Flagyl)

Question 5

What is the action of antacids?

Answer 5

Neutralize stomach acid

Question 6

List three types of antacids.

Answer 6

• Aluminum hydroxide (Amphogel)
• Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia)
• Calcium carbonate (Tums)

Question 7

What is a combination antacid containing aluminum and magnesium?

Answer 7

Maalox

Question 8

What are the side effects of magnesium-based antacids?

Answer 8

• Diarrhea
• Hypermagnesemia
• Dangerous in renal failure

Question 9

What are the side effects of aluminum-based antacids?

Answer 9

• Constipation
• Hypophosphatemia

Question 10

What are the side effects of calcium-based antacids?

Answer 10

• Constipation
• Hypercalcemia
• Gas and belching
• Kidney stones

Question 11

True or False: Antacids may bind other drugs.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Name a histamine H2 receptor antagonist medication.

Answer 12

• Cimetidine (Tagamet)
• Ranitidine (Zantac)
• Famotidine (Pepcid)

Question 13

What is the action of histamine H2 receptor antagonists?

Answer 13

Inhibit histamine action at H2 sites in parietal cells, reducing stomach acid

Question 14

List two side effects of histamine H2 receptor antagonists.

Answer 14

• Diarrhea or constipation
• Headache

Question 15

What is the action of proton-pump inhibitors?

Answer 15

Inhibit acid production by blocking final step of acid production in parietal cells

Question 16

Name a proton-pump inhibitor medication.

Answer 16

• Omeprazole (Prilosec)
• Pantoprazole (Protonix)
• Lansoprazole (Prevacid)

Question 17

List two side effects of proton-pump inhibitors.

Answer 17

• Diarrhea
• Headache

Question 18

What is the action of mucosal protectant drugs?

Answer 18

Coats the ulcer protecting it against acid and promotes healing

Question 19

What is a common mucosal protectant drug?

Answer 19

Sucralfate (Carafate)

Question 20

What are anti-emetics used for?

Answer 20

Treat or prevent nausea and vomiting

Question 21

Name a serotonin (5HT) antagonist used as an anti-emetic.

Answer 21

Ondansetron (Zofran)

Question 22

What is the action of dopamine antagonists in anti-emetics?

Answer 22

Blocks dopamine from receptor sites in the brain and CTZ

Question 23

List three medications that are dopamine antagonists.

Answer 23

• Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
• Prochlorperazine (Compazine)
• Promethazine (Phenergan)

Question 24

What is the action of antihistamines as anti-emetics?

Answer 24

Block the action of acetylcholine and histamine

Question 25

Name an anti-emetic antihistamine.

Answer 25

* Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) * Hydroxyzine (Vistaril) * Meclizine (Antivert)

Question 26

What is the action of prokinetic anti-emetics?

Answer 26

Increases release of acetylcholine, increasing GI motility and gastric emptying

Question 27

What is a common prokinetic medication?

Answer 27

Metoclopramide (Reglan)

Question 28

Define laxatives.

Answer 28

Drugs that promote evacuation of bowel or defecation

Question 29

What are the indications for fiber supplement laxatives?

Answer 29

* Prevent constipation * Symptomatic relief of diarrhea

Question 30

What is the action of stool softeners?

Answer 30

Softens stool by facilitating penetration of water

Question 31

Name a stimulant laxative.

Answer 31

* Bisacodyl (Dulcolax) * Castor oil (Emulsoil) * Senna

Question 32

What is the action of osmotic laxatives?

Answer 32

Retains water and softens feces; promotes peristalsis

Question 33

What are the three groups of laxatives classified by therapeutic response?

Answer 33

* Group 1: Produce watery stool in 2-6 hours * Group 2: Produce semifluid stool in 6-12 hours * Group 3: Produce soft stool in 1-3 days

Question 34

True or False: All laxatives can cause electrolyte imbalances.

Answer 34

True