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GI Flashcards

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1
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the digestive system?

A

A: To break down ingested nutrients for absorption and eliminate waste.

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2
Q

Q: What are the six main functions of the digestive system?

A

A: Ingestion, motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, elimination.

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3
Q

Q: What is ingestion?

A

A: The introduction of solid and liquid nutrients into the oral cavity.

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4
Q

Q: What is motility in the digestive system?

A

A: Muscular contractions that mix and move materials through the GI tract.

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5
Q

Q: What is secretion in digestion?

A

A: Production and release of fluids like enzymes and bile to facilitate digestion.

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6
Q

Q: What are the two types of digestion?

A

A: Mechanical and chemical digestion.

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7
Q

Q: What is mechanical digestion?

A

A: Physical breakdown of food by chewing and mixing.

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8
Q

Q: What is chemical digestion?

A

A: Enzymatic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones.

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9
Q

Q: What is absorption in digestion?

A

A: Transport of digested molecules from the GI tract into blood or lymph.

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10
Q

Q: What is elimination in digestion?

A

A: Expulsion of indigestible components as feces.

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11
Q

Q: What are the main organs of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

A: Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus.

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12
Q

Q: What are accessory digestive organs?

A

A: Salivary glands, liver, pancreas, teeth, tongue, gallbladder.

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13
Q

Q: What is the function of the stomach?

A

A: Continues mechanical and chemical digestion, particularly of proteins and fats.

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14
Q

Q: What is the role of the small intestine?

A

A: Continues mechanical and chemical digestion, particularly of proteins and fats.

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15
Q

Q: What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

A: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

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16
Q

Q: What is the main function of the large intestine?

A

A: Absorption of water, electrolytes, and vitamins; formation of feces.

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17
Q

Q: What is the role of the liver in digestion?

A

A: Produces bile to emulsify fats.

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18
Q

Q: What is the function of bile salts?

A

A: Aid in the mechanical digestion of lipids.

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19
Q

Q: What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?

A

A: Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

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20
Q

Q: What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

A: Stores and concentrates bile.

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21
Q

Q: What enzyme initiates carbohydrate digestion in the mouth?

A

A: Salivary amylase.

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22
Q

Q: What enzyme breaks down proteins in the stomach?

A

A: Pepsin.

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23
Q

Q: What is the function of pancreatic amylase?

A

A: Continues starch digestion in the small intestine.

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24
Q

Q: What are brush border enzymes?

A

A: Enzymes on the microvilli that complete carbohydrate and protein digestion.

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25
Q: What is the role of the mucous neck cells in the stomach?
A: Secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining.
26
Q: What is the function of parietal cells in the stomach?
A: Secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.
27
Q: What does intrinsic factor do?
A: Facilitates vitamin B12 absorption.
28
Q: What are chief cells responsible for?
A: Secreting pepsinogen and gastric lipase.
29
Q: What does pepsinogen convert to in the stomach?
A: Pepsin, when exposed to acidic pH.
30
Q: What is chyme?
A: Semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food and gastric secretions.
31
Q: What regulates gastric motility and secretion?
A: The cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases.
32
Q: What triggers the cephalic phase of digestion?
A: Sensory stimuli like sight, smell, or thought of food.
33
Q: What occurs during the gastric phase?
A: Food in the stomach stimulates acid and enzyme secretion.
34
Q: What hormone is released during the gastric phase?
A: Gastrin.
35
Q: What triggers the intestinal phase?
A: Chyme entering the small intestine.
36
Q: What hormone decreases stomach motility and secretion?
A: Secretin.
37
Q: What is the role of cholecystokinin (CCK)?
A: Stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme release.
38
Q: What are micelles?
A: Lipid transport structures formed by bile salts.
39
Q: What is emulsification?
A: Breaking down large fat droplets into smaller ones.
40
Q: What are chylomicrons?
A: Lipoproteins that transport lipids from the intestines to other tissues.
41
Q: What is segmentation in the small intestine?
A: Rhythmic contraction for mixing chyme with digestive juices.
42
Q: What is peristalsis?
A: Wave-like muscle contractions that move food along the GI tract.
43
Q: What is the role of the enteric nervous system?
A: Controls local reflexes and coordinates digestion.
44
Q: What is the gastrocolic reflex?
A: Stomach distension triggers mass movement in the colon.
45
Q: What is the primary function of the appendix?
A: A lymphoid organ with a role in immune function.
46
Q: What is the hepatic portal system?
A: Blood vessels that transport nutrients from the intestines to the liver.
47
Q: What does the term "basal metabolic rate" (BMR) refer to?
A: The rate of energy expenditure at rest.
48
Q: What hormone promotes glycogen breakdown in the liver?
A: Glucagon.
49
Q: What hormone is released during the absorptive state?
A: Insulin.
50
Q: What is the post-absorptive state?
A: The period when the body relies on stored energy reserves.
51
Q: What is the main function of insulin during digestion?
A: Promotes glucose uptake and storage as glycogen.
52
Q: What is glucagon's primary role in metabolism?
A: Increases blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown.
53
Q: What is the function of the enteric nervous system (ENS)?
A: Regulates gastrointestinal motility and secretion independently of the CNS.
54
Q: What is the cephalic phase of digestion?
A: The brain's response to sensory stimuli like sight and smell of food.
55
Q: What is the gastric phase of digestion?
A: Stomach's response to the presence of food triggering acid secretion.
56
Q: What is the intestinal phase of digestion?
A: Regulation when chyme enters the small intestine inhibiting gastric activity.
57
Q: What is the role of the vagus nerve in digestion?
A: Stimulates gastric secretions and motility.
58
Q: What are the two main functions of bile?
A: Emulsification of fats and excretion of waste products.
59
Q: What triggers bile secretion from the gallbladder?
A: Cholecystokinin (CCK).
60
Q: What does the hormone secretin do?
A: Stimulates bicarbonate release from the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid.
61
Q: What does the hormone motilin regulate?
A: Gastric and intestinal motility during fasting.
62
Q: What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
A: Controls the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum.
63
Q: What is the role of gastric lipase?
A: Begins the digestion of dietary fats.
64
Q: What is the primary site of nutrient absorption?
A: The small intestine specifically the jejunum.
65
Q: What structure increases the surface area for absorption in the small intestine?
A: Villi and microvilli.
66
Q: What is the function of goblet cells in the intestines?
A: Produce mucus to lubricate and protect the intestinal lining.
67
Q: What is the gastroileal reflex?
A: Moves contents from the ileum to the cecum in response to stomach activity.
68
Q: What is the role of the large intestine?
A: Absorption of water and electrolytes formation of feces.
69
Q: What are haustral contractions?
A: Slow segmental contractions in the large intestine to mix contents.
70
Q: What is the gastrocolic reflex?
A: Increased colon motility following a meal.
71
Q: What are mass movements in the colon?
A: Strong peristaltic waves moving feces towards the rectum.
72
Q: What is the role of the rectum in digestion?
A: Temporary storage of feces before defecation.
73
Q: What is defecation?
A: The expulsion of feces from the rectum through the anus.
74
Q: What triggers the defecation reflex?
A: Stretching of the rectal walls when filled with feces.
75
Q: What is the role of the internal anal sphincter?
A: Involuntary control of fecal release.
76
Q: What is the role of the external anal sphincter?
A: Voluntary control of fecal release.
77
Q: What is the function of lipoprotein lipase?
A: Hydrolyzes triglycerides from chylomicrons into free fatty acids.
78
Q: What are chylomicrons primarily composed of?
A: Triglycerides phospholipids
79
Q: What is the primary role of high-density lipoproteins (HDL)?
A: Transport cholesterol from tissues to the liver.
80
Q: What is the primary role of low-density lipoproteins (LDL)?
A: Transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues.
81
Q: What is gluconeogenesis?
A: Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
82
Q: What is glycogenolysis?
A: Breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
83
Q: What is lipogenesis?
A: Synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides from excess glucose.
84
Q: What is lipolysis?
A: Breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.
85
Q: What is ketogenesis?
A: Production of ketone bodies from fatty acids in the liver.
86
Q: What is the absorptive state?
A: The period after eating when nutrients are being absorbed and stored.
87
Q: What is the postabsorptive state?
A: The period when the body uses stored energy.
88
Q: What hormone dominates the absorptive state?
A: Insulin.
89
Q: What hormone dominates the postabsorptive state?
A: Glucagon.
90
Q: What is the role of leptin?
A: Regulates appetite and energy balance by inhibiting hunger.
91
Q: What is the role of ghrelin?
A: Stimulates appetite and food intake.
92
Q: What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
A: The energy expenditure at rest to maintain vital functions.
93
Q: What factors influence BMR?
Age and sex
94
Q: What is thermogenesis?
A: The production of heat especially as a result of metabolic processes.
95
Q: What is the primary function of brown adipose tissue?
A: Heat production through non-shivering thermogenesis.
96
Q: What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?
A: Transports nutrient-rich blood from the intestines to the liver.
97
Q: What are essential amino acids?
A: Amino acids that must be obtained from the diet.
98
Q: What are non-essential amino acids?
A: Amino acids that the body can synthesize.
99
Q: What is the role of vitamin B12?
A: Essential for red blood cell formation and neurological function.
100
Q: What mineral is important for oxygen transport in blood?
A: Iron.

BISC306 (5 decks)

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