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GI 2 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

what binds carbohydrates together

A

condensation

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2
Q

process for digestion of fats, carbs, and proteins

A

hydrolysis

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3
Q

disaccharide found in milk

A

lactose

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4
Q

large polysaccharide present in almost all nonanimal foods (poatoes)

A

starch

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5
Q

what secrets ptyalin

A

parotid gland

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6
Q

what starch is hydrolyzed to via ptyalin

A

maltose

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7
Q

digestive enzyme of saliva (alpha-amylase)

A

ptyalin

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8
Q

digestion is active or inactive with pH less than 4

A

inactive

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9
Q

amount of starches digested into maltose in stomach

A

30-40%

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10
Q

main enzyme for digestion of carbs in small intestine; more powerful than salivary amylase

A

pancreatic amylase

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11
Q

enzymes that digest sugars in small intestine

A

lactase, sucrase, maltase, alpha-dextrinase

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12
Q

what lactose splits into

A

galactose and glucose

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13
Q

what sucrose splits into

A

fructose and glucose

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14
Q

what maltose and other small glucose polymers split into

A

glucose

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15
Q

more than 80% of final products of carb digestion

A

glucose

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16
Q

important peptic enzyme of stomach (digestion of protein); can also digest collagen

A

pepsin

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17
Q

pH of this makes pepsin most active

A

2/3/2015

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18
Q

pepsin represents this amount of total protein digestion

A

10-20%

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19
Q

where protein digestion mostly occurs

A

upper small intestine

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20
Q

pancreatic proteolytic enzymes

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypolypeptidase, proelastase

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21
Q

where digestion of proteins in enterocytes of villi occurs (last stage of protein digestion)

A

duodenum and jejunum

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22
Q

99% of final protein digestive products are absorbed as these

A

amino acids

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23
Q

most abundant fats of the diet

A

triglycerides

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24
Q

digests small amount of triglycerides in the stomach (less than 10%)

A

lingual lipase

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25
where almost all of the fat digestion occurs
small intestine
26
where emulsification of fat begins...and where it occurs primarily (under influence of bile)
stomach, duodenum
27
phospholipid that is important in emulsification process of fats (present in bile)
lecithin
28
surface area of small intestine
250 m2
29
most important enzyme for digestion of triglycerides
pancreatic lipase
30
lipase in enterocytes for digestion of TG (not as significant as pancreatic)
enteric lipase
31
product of TG digestion
free FA and 2MG
32
remove 2MG and free FA from vicinity of digesting fat globules (so they do not block further digestion)
bile salts
33
what bile salts accumulate as
micelles
34
transport medium for 2MG and free FA to brush border of intestinal epithelial cells
bile salt micelles
35
site of bile salt reabsorption
ileum
36
cholesterol with one fatty acid
cholesterol ester
37
enzymes that hydrolyze cholesterol and phospholipids (other than lipases)
cholesterol ester hydrolase and phospholipase A2
38
total amount of fluid reabsorbed by intestines each day (from ingestion and GI secretions)
8.5
39
amount of liquid that is left to be absorbed in proximal colon
1.5
40
lipid-soluble substances that can be absorbed in stomach (otherwise poor absorption)
alcohol, aspirin
41
increase the mucosal absorptive area by nearly 1000 fold
folds of Kerckring, villi, and microvilli
42
project 1 mm above surface of mucosa; increase absorptive area by 10 fold
villi
43
from epithelial cell body into each microvillus of brush border...causes continual movement keeping them exposed to new fluid
actin filaments
44
typical absorption in small intestine for carbs, fat, amino acids and ions, water
several hundred g; 100 g; 50-100 g; 7-8 L
45
absorptive capacity for normal small intestine...for carbs, fat, proteins, and water
several KG, 500 g, 500-700 g, 20 L or more
46
when these kinds of solutions are released from stomachs to duodenum, water transferred to the chyme by osmosis (to make isosmotic)
hyperosmotic
47
amount of Na typically consumed in a day; amount of Na secreted in intestinal secretions each day
5-8g; 20-30g
48
typical sodium concentration in chyme
142 mEq/L
49
sodium cotransported through brush border membrane via these carrier proteins (last is exchange)
Na-glucose, Na-amino acid, Na-H
50
hormone that is secreted during dehydration...enhances Na absorption
aldosterone
51
aldosterone causes secondary increase of absorption of these
Cl and water
52
where Cl absorption occurs
proximal small intestine, also Cl-HCO3 in ileum and colon
53
where HCO3 is secreted (via pancreatic secretions and bile)
duodenum
54
amount of water and NaCl secreted as diarrhea each day due to cholera toxin (increases epithelial fold secretion...greater than what can be reabsorbed)
5-10 L
55
where Ca is absorbed
duodenum
56
what activates vitamin D (which increases Ca absorption)
parathyroid hormone
57
how all carbs in food are absorbed
monosaccharides
58
80% of carb calories absorbed as this
glucose
59
20% of absorbed monosaccharides composed of this
galactose and fructose
60
absorption of glucose occurs via this
Na-Glucose co-transport
61
how fructose is transported through intestinal epithelium
facilitated diffusion
62
energy for transport of di/tripeptides in protein absorption comes from this
Na co-transport
63
monoglycerides and free FA become dissolved in the central lipid portions of these (essential for 2MG and FA absorption)
bile micelles
64
with micelles, only this percentage of fat is absorbed
40-50%
65
what length of FA are more water-soluble? not converted into TG by ER (allows for direct diffusion from intestinal epithelial cells into capillary blood of intestinal villi)
short
66
amount of Na and Cl typically left in feces
1-5 mEq
67
in colon absorption...helps neutralize acidic end products of bacterial action in large intestine
bicarbonate
68
amount colon can absorb of fluid and electrolytes
5-8 L
69
bacteria in colon can aid in absorption of these vitamins
K, B12, thiamine, riboflavin
70
derivatives of bilirubin that cause brown color of feces
stercobilin and urobilin
71
bacterial byproducts that cause odor of feces
sindole, skatole, mercaptans, hydrogen sulfide

Physio (3 decks)

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