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Physio > GI 3 > Flashcards

GI 3 Flashcards

1
Q

amount of calories created by oxidation of 1 mole of glucose

A

686, 000

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2
Q

calories/mole of ATP energy in each high energy phosphate bond

A

12,000

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3
Q

where ATP is present

A

cytoplasm or nucleoplasm

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4
Q

after these are absorbed from intestinal tract (from carbohydrate digestion), are converted to glucose in the liver

A

fructose and galactose

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5
Q

active transport of this ion provides energy for absorbing glucose against a conentration difference

A

Na

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6
Q

insulin increases or decreases facilitated diffusion of glucose

A

increases

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7
Q

rate of carbohydrate utilization by most cells is dependent on this

A

insulin secretion

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8
Q

reverses phosphorylation of glucose (only in liver or kidney)

A

glucose phosphatase

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9
Q

where glycogen is stored

A

liver and muscle

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10
Q

hormones that stimulate phosphorylase (for glycogenolysis)

A

epinephrine, glucagon

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11
Q

increased levels of this molecule activate phosphorylase

A

cAMP

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12
Q

what secretes glucagon

A

alpha cells pancreas

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13
Q

amount of ATP produced per one mole of glucose

A

38

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14
Q

splitting of glucose molecule (in glycolysis) creates 2 moles of this

A

pyruvic acid

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15
Q

maximum efficiency of energy transfer using ATP formation

A

66%

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16
Q

strongly inhibit PFK (which stops glycolysis…and carbohydrate metabolism)

A

citrate and ATP

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17
Q

in decreased carbohydrate environment…adenohypophysis secretes this; adrenal cortex secretes this

A

corticotropin; glucocorticoids

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18
Q

where chylomicrons are removed

A

adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, heart

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19
Q

hydrolyzes TG of chylomicrons at surface of capillary endothelial cells

A

lipoprotein lipase

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20
Q

what lipoprotein lipase releases (from chylomicron)

A

fatty acids and glycerol

21
Q

clear chylomicron remnants in liver

A

apoE

22
Q

concentration of lipoproteins in plasma

A

700 mg/dL

23
Q

transports free fatty acids

A

albumin

24
Q

carries high concentrations of TG, moderate levels of cholesterol and phospholipids

A

VLDL

25
Q

remnant of IDL…after removal of most of TG; high levels of cholesterol

A

LDL

26
Q

high concentration of proteins, less cholesterol and phospholipids

A

HDL

27
Q

goal for LDL levels should be less than this

A

100

28
Q

goal for HDL levels should be greater than this

A

50

29
Q

transport triglycerides synthesized in liver mainly to adipose tissue

A

VLDL

30
Q

percentage of adipocyte that can store pure triglycerides; generally in liquid form (because most efficient)

A

80-95%

31
Q

where fatty acids are degraded (release of acetyl coA)

A

mitochondria

32
Q

net gain of this many ATP from oxygenation of FA

A

146

33
Q

under these conditions, no carbohydrates are metabolized (can lead to ketosis)

A

starvation, high-fat diet, diabetes

34
Q

where globulins are formed (enzymatic functions and immunity)

A

liver and lymphoid tissue

35
Q

obligatory loss of proteins per day

A

20-30 g

36
Q

recommended amount of protein intake per day

A

60-75 g

37
Q

glucorticoids increase or decrease protein in most tissues?

A

decrease

38
Q

proteins with inadequate essential amino acids

A

partial proteins

39
Q

inadequacy of this AA can lead to Kwashiorkor (low plasma protein concentration)

A

tryptophan

40
Q

respiratory quotient for carbohydrates

A

1

41
Q

respiratory quotient for fat

A

0.7

42
Q

respiratory quotient for proteins

A

0.8

43
Q

determine protein utilization by measuring this

A

nitrogen excretion

44
Q

craving for food

A

hunger

45
Q

desire for food (usually of particular type)

A

appetitie

46
Q

feeding center in hypothalamus

A

lateral nuclei

47
Q

satiety center of hypothalamus

A

ventromedial nuclei

48
Q

neurons that produce alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

pro-opiomelanocortin

Physio (3 decks)

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