GI Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Mylohyoid Muscle
A
floor of the mouth
2
Q
Vestibule
A
area in front of the teeth, behind the lips
3
Q
Oral cavity
A
area within the teeth
4
Q
Teeth and gingivae nerve supply
A
superior and inferior alveolar nerves and maxillary and mandibular branches of trigeminal
5
Q
Teeth and gingivae blood supply
A
superior and inferior alveolar vessels
6
Q
Intrinsic tongue muscles
A
change shape of the tongue
7
Q
Extrinsic tongue muscles
A
move the tongue itself
8
Q
What is the root of the tongue anchored to?
A
mandible and hyoid bones
9
Q
What epithelium are the tongue and palate covered by?
A
Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
10
Q
What covers the tongue surface
A
papillae bearing taste buds
11
Q
Where are vallate papillae found?
A
at the root of the tongue
12
Q
Vascularature of the tongue?
A
Artery- lingual artery (frome external carotid). Vein- lingual vein (to IJV)
13
Q
Motor supply of tongue
A
hypoglossus (CNXII) apart from palatglossus which is vagal (CNX)
14
Q
Sensation supply of tongue
A
post 1/3 glossopharyngeal, anterior 2/3 lingual mandibular of trigeminal nerve (CNV)
15
Q
Taste supply of the tongue
A
post 1/3 glossopharyngeal, anterior 2/3 chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (CNVII)
16
Q
Temporomandibular joint
A
bilateral synovial articulation between mandible and temporal bone
17
Q
What are the muscles of mastication
A
Massater, Temporalis, Medial and pterygoids
18
Q
Styloglossus
A
raises posterior part of tongue during swallowing
19
Q
Palatoglossus
A
raises posterior part of tongue during swallowing
20
Q
What closes the laryngeal orifice
A
aryepiglottic and oblique arytenoids
21
Q
What muscles make up the soft palate
A
tensor and levator veli palatine, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus and uvular
22
Q
What makes up the hard palate
A
palatal process of the maxilla and the horizontal palatine bones
23
Q
What vessel supplies the palates
A
branches of the maxillary artery
24
Q
What innervates the palates
A
pharyngeal plexus, other than the tensor veli palatini which is supplied by CNV3
25
What muscles make up the external layer of the pharynx
smooth muscle constrictors- superior, middle and inferior
26
What muscles make up the internal layer of the pharynx
palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus
27
What 2 groups of muscles make up the larynx?
Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid
28
What are the suprahyoid muscles, and what do they do?
mylohyoid, geniohyoid (goes around digastric tendon), digastrics (ant. + post. bellies). All act to elevate the larynx/hyoid
29
What are the infrahyoid muscles, and what do they do?
Sternohyoid (top layer), omohyoid (loop to scapula), sternothyroid and thyrohyoid. All act to depress the larynx/hyoid
30
Parotid gland location
side of cheek, duct opens on inside of cheek wall (beside 2nd upper molar)
31
Parotid gland innervation
glossopharyngeal nerve (otic ganglion)
32
What runs through the parotid gland?
facial nerve (chorda tympani), external carotid artery (maxillary and temporal branches) and retromandibular vein
33
Submandibular duct location
beneath jawline, duct opens lateral to lingual frenulum.
34
Sublingual duct location
below the tongue, duct opens around the underside of the tongue
35
Sublingual duct innervation
facial nerve, chorda tympani, submandibular ganglion innervation
36
What are the 4 narrowings of the oesophagus
cricopharyngeal spinchter (cervical), aortic arch and left main bronchus (thoracic), esophageal hiatus (diaphragmatic) and the GO junction
37
Where does the oesophagus begin
C6- level of the cricoid cartilage
38
Oesopaheal mucosa epithelium
stratified squamous
39
Oesophageal mucosa epithelium
stratified squamous
40
Relations of oesophagus
anterior to vertebral fascia, posterior to trachea
41
Where does the oesophagus enter the abdomen, and what with
Through right crus of diaphragm with vagus nerve at T10
42
Oesophageal blood supply?
Upper 1/3 inferior thyroid artery, middle 1/3 off thoracic aorta, lower 1/3 left gastric artery
43
Oesophageal lymph drainage
Posterior mediastinal nodes
44
Where is the lesser omentum found?
between stomach and liver
45
What is the lesser sac?
subsection of peritoneal cavity- posterior to stomach ad anterior to retroperitoneal organs
46
What is the greater omentum
2 double layers (4 layers) over the abdominal organs
47
What connects the greater and lesser sacs?
Omental foramen/epiploic foramen/foramen of Winslow
48
Sign of upper GI malignancy
Enlarged supraclavicular lymph node
49
How many parts in the duodenum
4-superior, descending, inferior, ascending
50
Which parts of the duodenum are retroperitoneal
2nd + 3rd
51
Which parts of the duodenum are intraperitoneal
1st + rth
52
Duodenum epithelium?
Columnar with villi and circular folds
53
What is the function of the duodenum
regulation of stomach emptying, mucus/enzyme/bile secretion
54
What is the Sphincter of Oddi?
The major duodenal papilla
55
What is the Sphincter of Vater
comes form the common bile duct and creates a small bulge in the duodenal wall
56
What is duodenal secretion stimulated by
secretin and the PSNS
57
What is the blood supply and innervation of the duodenum
Dual, 1st + 2nd parts and pancreas from coeliac axis and 3rd + 4th parts superior mesenteric axis
58
Pancreas Relations (internal)
Head lies in curve of duodenum, tail in splenic hilum. In foregut, epigastric region. Retroperitoneal.
59
Where does the duct of the pancreas open?
At the major duodenal papilla.
60
What is pancreatic secretion stimulated by?
cholecystokinin (endocrine) and PSNS
61
What is the pancreas blood supply?
splenic artery (along ant/sup pancreas) and the superior anterior pancreatic-duodenal arteries. Corresponding veins drain to portal system.
62
Where is the spleen located.
Under 9th/10th//11th ribs on LHS. Foregut. Intraperitoneal.
63
Spleen bloody supply
splenic artery and vein
64
Where is the gallbladder
behind the tip of 9th costal margin on RHS
65
What is inflammation of the gallbladder called?
Murphy's sign
66
Where is the pancreas found? (surface)
Neck overlies L1-L2, neck at L1, transpyloric plane
67
Lobes of the liver
left, right, caudate and quadrate
68
Liver location
foregut, intraperitoneal (covered by peritoneum aisde from bare area)
69
Where does the falciform ligament attach to?
abdominal wall and diaphragm
70
What is the porta hepatis
a deep fissure in the inferior surface containing the L + R hepatic arteries and the hepatic portal vein
71
Ligamentum teres
obliterated umbilical vein
72
Ligamentum arteriosum
obliterated ductus venosus
73
Gall bladder location (internal)
foregut, intraperitoneal
74
What stimulates secretion of the gallbladder
cholecystekinin
75
Blood supply of the gall bladder
branch of the right hepatic artery
76
Gallstones risk factors
Fat, Fair, Female, Fertile, Forty (+OCP and rapid weight loss)
77
What can gallstones be made of?
cholesterol/mixed/pigment
78
What is the arcuate line
lower edge of posterior sheath, ends about 1/3 way between umbilicus and pubic crest
79
Where does the inguinal ligament attach?
Attaches the ASIS to the pubic tubercle
80
Where does the deep inguinal ring run?
Through the transversalis fascia, lateral to inferior epigastric vessels
81
Where does the superficial inguinal ring run?
through the aponeurosis of the external oblique
82
What forms the superior border of the inguinal canal?
Lowe edge of internal oblique, transvere abdominis
83
What forms the inferior border of the inguinal canal?
Inguinal Ligament
84
What forms the posterior border of the inguinal canal?
Transversalis Fascia (laterally), Conjoint tendon (medially)
85
What forms the anterior border of the inguinal canal?
Skin, superficial fascia and aponeurosis of the external oblique
86
What is contained in the inguinal ligament? (Male and female)
Male: spermatic cord
Female: round ligament of uterus
87
What is the mid-inguinal point and what can be found there?
Halfway between ASIS + pubic symphysis.
| Femoral artery passes just underneath it.
88
What is the mid-point of the inguinal ligament and what can be found there?
Halfway between ASIS and the pubic tubercle.
| Opening to inguinal canal is just above this point.
89
What region is prone to herniation?
The inguinal region- deep inguinal ring (espedcially in males) and femoral canal.
90
Where are direct inguinal hernias from?
Hasselbach's triangle
91
Where are indirect inguinal hernias from?
Usually due to embryonic failure to close inguinal ring.
92
How can you identify the jejunum?
Large, closely set folds. Darker colour, greater vasculairty from vasa recta (straight vessels). No Peyer's patches.
93
What can you identify the ileum?
No folds in the terminal ileum. Paler colour, reduced vascularity, less vasa recta more arcades (complex). Peyer's patches (looks white)
94
Where can you find the jejunum?
LUQ/Umbilical region. Intraperitoneal- attached by mesentery.
95
Where can you find the ileum?
RLQ/Suprapubic region. Intraperitoneal- attached by mesentery.
96
What is diverticular disease?
Multiple/single mucosal hernias through bowel wall muscle. Normally sigmoid/descending colon.
97
Where can you see the aorta on a radiograph?
behind diaphragm at T12
98
Where can you see the coeliac trunk on a radiograph?
at upper L1
99
Where can you see the SMA on a radiograph?
at lower L1
100
Where can you see the renal arteries on a radiograph?
at L2
101
Where can you see the IMA on a radiograph?
at L3
102
Where can you see the bifurcation to common iliac arteries on a radiograph?
at L4
103
Where does the greater omentum attach to on the large bowel?
Transvere colon
104
Which parts of the large bowel are retroperitoneal?
Ascending and descending
105
Which parts of the large bowel are intraperitoneal?
Transverse and Sigmoid
106
What are the taeni coli
3 longitudinal muscle bands that have a 'purse string' effect
107
What is the rectum?
A dilatable 'holding area' above the levator ani in the pelvis
108
What is the blood supply of the rectum?
superior rectal artery (from IMA) and the middle rectal artery (from internal iliac)
109
Where does lymph from the rectum drain?
Upper (canal) --> inferior mesenteric nodes
| Lower (canal) --> internal iliac nodes
110
Where does the anal canal travel?
Anorectal ring --> anus
111
What is the pectinate line?
Was an embryological division. Divides the upper and lower anal canals
112
What is the blood supply + drainage of the upper anal canal?
Superior rectal artery, super rectal vein
113
What is the blood supply + drainage of the lower anal canal?
Inferior rectal artery, inferior rectal vein
114
What is the innervation of the upper anal canal?
Autonomic innervation from hypogastric plexus
115
What is the innervation of the lower anal canal?
somatic innervation by inferior rectal nerves
116
What is the function of the puborectalis
aids anal continence
117
What is tenesmus
a feeling of incomplete evacuation
118
What are portosystemic anastomoses?
Hole between systemic and portal circulation. Can be oesophageal (varices), rectal, paraumbilical, retroperitoneal, intrahepatic.
