Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

1. Health Alterations > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

(48 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

important function large intestine

A

absorption of water and electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

liver function

A
  • remove bacteria , toxins

- manufacture, store, transfrom, and excrete a lot of substances involved in metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

biliary tract

A

bilirubin is from HGB breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pancreas

A
  • insulin (endocrine)

- amylase, lipase (exocrine), for fat metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

peds GI

A

Increased risk of dehydration due to: greater percentage body weight is water, greater body surface area and increased fluid intake relative to size, infant kidneys less able to concentrate urine
-Gastric acid concentration is low until school age
-Faster basal metabolic rates
-Decreased ability to digest fats first 4 -5 months
-Immature liver function – reduces vitamin/mineral uptake
Loss of fluid->elevated temp sooner than an adult
-Lower acid concentration in stomach alters medication absorption and ability to kill GI pathogens.
-Children need more nutrients-proteins, minerals, vitamins, calories to support higher basal metabolic rate but the immature liver function – reduces vitamin/mineral uptake
- decreased ability to absorb fats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

geri GI

A
  • Dry mouth due to decreased saliva production and effects of many of their meds and gingival atrophy
  • Decreased gastric motility->delayed emptying
  • Decrease in HCl acid->food intolerances, malabsorption, B12 absorption
  • Decreased colonic transit time->constipation
  • Decreased absorption of nutrients such as dextrose, fats, calcium, and iron
  • Dehydration, diuretics-> Lasix
  • Older adults may be at risk for decreased food intake due to transportation issues, economic constraints, immobility……
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

checking rebound tenderness

A

You first gently palpate over the painful site, pushing in slowly and firmly then quickly withdraw—pain on withdrawal may indicate peritoneal inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

blood-amylase

A

Amylase-dx of pancreatitis peaks early 24 hr then down to normal 48-72hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lipase

A

Lipase-Dx of pancreatitis but it stays elevated longer,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

CEA

A
  • carcinoembryonic antigen (test)
  • cancer marker, protein found or increased in level in certain cancers
  • cancer of the large intestine (colon and rectal cancer). It may also be present in people with cancer of the pancreas, breast, ovary, or lung.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

stool test

A

-Occult blood, ova and parasites, -fecal fat: increased fat is found in the stools of patients with Crohn’s disease, malabsorption, cystic fibrosis, and pancreatic disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

basal secretion test

A

measures HCL and pepsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

gastric acid stimulation test

A

-similar to basal secretion test except a drug is given to stimulate secretions and additional specimens are taken at intervals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Upper GI radiologic study

A
  • X-ray allowing examination of esophagus after swallowing barium. The series follows barium through the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine and used to diagnose esophageal strictures, varices, polyps, tumors, hiatal hernia, foreign bodies, and peptic ulcers
  • NPO, contrast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lower GI radiologic study

A

Similar to upper GI but uses barium enema to identify polyps, tumors and other lesions of the colon. Requires client to retain barium so may not be diagnostic procedure of choice for older adult.
-bowel prep, empty area- complete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

abdominal ultrasound

A

diagnostic procedure for cholelithasis. Can be used for diagnosis of appy, acute cholecystitis and other changes in abdominal organs
- no prep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

endoscopy and EGD (esophagastroduodenoscopy)

A

direct visualization through lighted fiberoptic instrument of esophagus, stomach, duodenum, colon. With the aid of fluoroscopy and X-rays can also visualize the pancreas and biliary tree.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

virtual colonoscopy

A

combines CT or MRI with sophisticated computer software program to produce images of the colon and rectum. Less invasive than normal colonoscopy. Good for assessing polyps larger than 1 cm but cannot obtain a biopsy.
-is done with a CT or MRI. Air is introduced into the colon to better visualize structures. 2D and 3D views are obtained to visualize the colon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

liver biopsy

A

Dg fibrosis, cirrhosis, and neoplasms (hepatic tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Liver function tests

Study These Flashcards
A
  • r/t Dg hepatic disease

- ALP (alkaline phosphatase), AST (aspartate aminotrasnferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase)

21
Q

nurse interventions for radiographic studies

Study These Flashcards
A
  • NPO after midnight
  • laxative night before
  • discourage smoking
  • hold all meds
  • aftercare: fluids, enema, monitor stools
22
Q

ERCP

Study These Flashcards
A
  • endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreattography
  • (use of side viewing flexible endoscope to view pancreatic, hepatic and common bile ducts, biliary tree) Has biopsy forceps and cytology brushes on the endoscope
  • combo with biopsy and cytologic studies
  • major complication: perforation
23
Q

capsule endoscopy

Study These Flashcards
A

Capsule: allows visualization of small intestines and sends data to a recorder that is worn around the waist, Takes 8 hrs, pt can move about

24
Q

Nissen fundoplication -GERD

Study These Flashcards
A

Reduce reflux of gastric contents by enhancing integrity of LES

  • Most performed laparoscopically
  • *Fundus of stomach is wrapped around lower portion of esophagus
25
Stretta procedure GERD
-catheter is positioned and site is treated with radiofrequency energy NI:-Monitored for complaints of chest pain Clear liquids for 24 hours Advance to soft diet for 2 weeks Liquid medications Nausea and vomiting: Must contact physician No NSAIDs for 10 days following procedure
26
CTZ
Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Responds to chemical stimuli of drugs and toxins Located in the fourth ventricle Site of action of drugs used to induce vomiting Plays a role in vomiting due to labyrinthine stimulation Vomiting can be a protective mechanism
27
regurgitation
- Partially digested food slowly brought up into stomach - Effortless return of food or gastric contents from stomach into esophagus or mouth - Described as hot, bitter, or sour liquid coming into the mouth or throat
28
projectile vomit
Forceful expulsion of stomach contents without nausea
29
nutritional therapy for NV
Clear liquids started first 5 to 15 ml fluid every 15 to 20 minutes Room-temp carbonated beverages without carbonation okay Warm tea Use Gatorade, broth with caution because of high salt intake
30
herniation
Herniation of portion of the stomach into esophagus through an opening or hiatus in diaphragm Also referred to as diaphragmatic hernia and esophageal hernia Most common abnormality found of x-ray of upper GI More common in older adults and in women
31
sliding herniation
Stomach slides into thoracic cavity when supine, goes back into abdominal cavity when standing upright - 95% of cases - r/t GERD
32
paraesophageal or rolling
Esophageal junction remains in place, but fundus and greater curvature of stomach roll up through diaphragm
33
Diagnostic tests-PUD
Most often used Allows for direct viewing of mucosa Determines degree of ulcer healing after treatment During procedure, tissue specimens can be obtained to identify H. pylori and rule out gastric cancer Tests for H. pylori Noninvasive tests Serum or whole blood antibody tests Immunoglobin G (IgG) 90% to 95% sensitive Will not distinguish between active or recently treated disease Urea breath test Urea is by product of metabolism of H. pylori Can determine active infection Stool antigen test Not as accurate as breath test Invasive tests Endoscopic procedure Biopsy of stomach Barium contrast studies Widely used Not accurate for shallow, superficial ulcers Used in diagnosis of gastric outlet obstruction Rapid urease testX-ray studies Ineffective in distinguishing a peptic ulcer from a malignant tumor Do not show degree of healing like that of endoscope
34
PUD-Billroth I
- Gastroduodenostomy | - part of distal portion of stomach, including antrum is removed. Remaining stomach is anastamosed to duodenum.
35
PUD-Billroth II
- Gastrojejunostomy | - Partial gastrectomy with removal of distal 2/3 stomach and anastomosis of gastric stump to jejunum
36
Vagotomy
Severing of vagus nerve | Done in conjunction with gastrectomy
37
Gastrectomy
removal of entire stomach
38
pyloroplasty
Surgical enlargement of pyloric sphincter Commonly done after vagotomy ↓ Gastric motility and gastric emptying If accompanying vagotomy, ↑gastric emptying
39
PUD-post op complications
Dumping syndrome Postprandial hypoglycemia Bile reflux gastritis (cont’d)
40
dumping syndrome
33% to 50% of patients experience after surgery Direct result of surgical removal of a large portion of stomach and pyloric sphincter ↓ Ability of stomach to control amount of gastric chyme entering small intestine Occurs at end of meal or 15 to 30 minutes after eating Symptoms include Weakness, sweating, palpitations, dizziness, abdominal cramps, borborygmi, urge to defecate Last no longer than an hour
41
Postprandial hypoglycemia
Postprandial hypoglycemia Variant of dumping syndrome Result of uncontrolled gastric emptying of a bolus of fluid high in carbohydrate into small intestine ↑ Blood sugar Release of excessive amounts of insulin into circulation Secondary hypoglycemia occurs with symptoms ~2 hours after meals Symptoms include sweating, weakness, mental confusion, palpitations, tachycardia and anxiety When symptoms occur, immediate ingestion of sugared fluids or candy relieves symptoms
42
bile reflux gastritis
Bile reflux gastritis (cont’d) Continuous epigastric distress that ↑ after meals Administration of cholestyramine (Questran) relieves irritation Aluminum hydroxide antacids also used
43
PUD post op nutrition
-Start as soon as immediate postoperative period is successfully passed -Patient should be advised to reduce drinking fluid (4 oz) with meals -Diet should consist of : Small, dry feedings daily Low in carbohydrates Restrict sugar with meals Moderate amounts of protein and fat 30 minutes of rest after each meal
44
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS)
Pyloric muscle becomes thickened obstructing the gastric outlet Higher incidence in males, Caucasians and those with family history Incidence overall: 3 in 1000 live births
45
HPS SS
projectile vomiting in otherwise healthy, hungry infant, weight loss, dehydration, olive-shaped tumor to R of umbilicus, metabolic alkalosis (prolonged vomiting)
46
HPS Tx
surgical -> pyloromyotomy (Fredet-Ramstedt procedure) or laparoscopic
47
HPS NC
maintain fluid balance, nutrition, post op pain, introduction of feedings - Post op the focus is on SLOW introduction of fluids and foods, though I have read one recent journal article recommending fluids be introduced more quickly if tolerated. Usual course is 5 ml, then 10ml, then 30 ml q 1 hour and for a hungry infant, this is difficult
48
IBS criteria
-Rome II criteria- abd discomfort at least 12 wks in past yr: relieved with defecation or onset associated with a change in stool appearance change

1. Health Alterations (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions