Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Yr1 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

(123 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does the liver do?

A
  • Glucose and fat metabolism
  • Detoxification and excretion
  • Protein synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is acute liver injury?

A
  • Damage to and loss of cells

- Cell death via necrosis or apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is chronic liver injury?

A
  • Low grade and over years of injury. Response with scar tissue and cirrhosis
  • Eventually leads to fibrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can cause acute liver injury?

A
  • Viral hepatits
  • Drugs
  • Alcohol
  • Vascular
  • Obstruction
  • Congestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can cause chronic liver injury?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Viral (B,C)
  • Autoimmune
  • Metabolic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does acute liver injury present?

A
  • Malaise
  • Nausea
  • Anorexia
  • Jaundice
  • rarer: confusion, bleeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does chronic liver injury present?

A
  • Ascites (swollen stomach)
  • wasting (loss of body mass)
  • bruising
  • itching
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is jaundice?

A
  • raised serum bilirubin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are risk factors for gallstones?

A
  • Female
  • Obesity
  • Fertile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do you manage bile duct stones?

A
  • ERCP with removal or crushing

- Surgery (for large stones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which drugs cause drug-induced liver injury?

A
  • Antibiotics (augmentin, flucloxacillin, erythromycin)
  • CNS drugs
  • multiple drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is leuconychia?

A

White nails/ milk spots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the causes of ascites?

A
  • Chronic liver disease (most cases)
  • Neoplasia
  • Pancreatitis
  • Cardiac causes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How would you manage ascites?

A
  • Fluid and salt restriction
  • Diuretics e.g. spironolactone
  • Large-vol paracentesis + albumin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the causes of portal hypertension?

A
  • Cirrhosis
  • Fibrosis
  • Portal vein thrombosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does portal hypertension lead to?

A
  • Varices (oesophageal or gastric)

- Splenomegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is spontaneous bacterial peritonitis?

A
  • Commonest serious infection in cirrhosis

- based on neutrophils in ascitic fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How would you investigate chronic liver disease?

A
  • Viral serology
  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry
  • USS/CT/MRI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is autoimmune hepatits?

A

liver inflammation that occurs when your body’s immune system turns against liver cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)?

A
  • chronic disease

- immune damage is directed towards the small bile ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does PBC present?

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Itching
  • Fatigue
  • dry eyes
  • joint pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do you treat a cholestatic itch?

A
  • UDCA - antihistamines
  • cholestyramine
  • rifampicin (can occasionally damage liver)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver?

A
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes
  • Hyperlipidaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the infectious causes of chronic hepatitis?

A
  • Hep B
  • Hep C
  • Hep E
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the risk factors for hepatitis A?
- travel - household/sexual contact - injecting drug use
26
Describe hepatitis A.
- Usually symptomatic in adults - Not a chronic disease - Once had it, will not have it again
27
How do you manage hepatitis A?
- Supportive - Monitor liver function - Prevention with a vaccine
28
How does hepatitis E present.
- 95%+ cases are asymptomatic - self-limiting acute hepatitis - risk of chronic infection in immunosuppressed patients
29
How do you manage patients with hepatitis E?
- Acute infection = supportive. Consider ribavirin | - Chronic infection = reverse immunosuppression
30
How is Hep B transmitted?
- Mother-to-child - Sexual - iatrogenic - injecting drug use
31
How do you manage acute hep B?
- Supportive - Monitor liver function - Vaccine
32
Describe pegylated interferon-alpha 2a.
- Used for hep B treatment - Immunomodulatory - weekly subcut. injection - side effects and needs monitoring
33
What are directly acting antivirals (DAAs)?
- A treatment for hep C
34
What is the definition of diarrhoea?
- 3 or more loose/liquid stools within 24 hours
35
Name some causes for diarrhoea.
- Intraluminal infection - systemic infections e.g. sepsis - cancer - IBD - IBS/ malabsorption
36
If the diarrhoea is chronic, what are the likely causes?
- Parasites | - non-infectious
37
What characteristics of stool should you look out for?
- Floating = higher fat content (malabsorption) - Blood/mucus = inflammatory/cancer - Watery = infection
38
What investigations are done with diarrhoea?
- Stool tests | - Blood tests
39
What are some bacterial causes of watery diarrhoea?
- Cholera - E. Coli - Staph. aureus
40
What are some bacterial causes of bloody/mucus diarrhoea?
- Shigella - E. coli - Salmonella - C. difficile
41
What are some parasitic causes of watery diarrhoea?
- Giardia | - Cryptosporidium (Swimming pools)
42
Describe symptoms of diarrhoea caused by Giardia.
- offensive diarrhoea - chronic - bloating - flatulence - nurseries/old age facilities
43
What are most cases of diarrhoea caused by?
- Viruses e.g. rota or noro
44
What is Traveller's Diarrhoea?
- Occurs within 2 weeks of arrival in a new country | - 3 or more unformed stool in 24 hours PLUS: abdo pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting
45
What causes travellers diarrhoea?
- Enterotoxigenic e. coli - campylobacter - shigella - viral
46
Describe Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC).
- Leading bacterial cause of diarrhoea in children | - Travellers diarrhoea
47
What are the symptoms of cholera?
- Watery "rice water" diarrhoea - Vomiting - rapid dehydration
48
What is the treatment for cholera?
- Doxycycline | - Fluids
49
What are the issues with C. difficile?
- Gram positive spore-forming bacteria | - Mostly asymptomatic but become an issue if normal gut flora is altered
50
What do you treat C. difficile with?
- Metronidazole | - Oral vancomycin
51
What are the red flats associated with diarrhoea?
- dehydration - electrolyte imbalance - renal failure
52
What is peptic ulcer disease?
- Break in the inner lining of the stomach | - H. pylori
53
What are the symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?
- Acquisition mostly asymptomatic - Ongoing symptoms = dyspepsia, epigastric pain - nausea, vomiting, fever
54
How would you diagnose for an H. pylori infection?
- stool antigen test - breath test - blood test
55
What is the treatment for an H. pylori infection?
- Clarithromycin - Amoxicillin - PPI e.g. omeprazole - CAP
56
What is acute cholangitis?
- Obstruction of common bile duct which leads to stasis of bile - Bacteria invades so gets infected
57
What are the symptoms of acute cholangitis?
- Charcot's triad = - Jaundice - RUQ pain - Fever
58
What is the differentials for colicky RUQ pain?
- If biliary colic, only RUQ pain | - If cholecystitis, RUQ pain and fever
59
What is the treatment for biliary sepsis/acute cholangitis?
- IV anti-biotics e.g. coamoxiclav - ERCP - Fluids
60
What is enteric fever?
- Like typhoid fever | - Salmonella, a bacterial infection that go through the body
61
What are the symptoms of enteric fever?
- RLQ pain - High fever - relative bradycardia - headache/ myalgia - rose spots - green diarrhoea
62
How would you diagnose enteric fever?
- Blood culture | - Bone marrow aspiration
63
What is substance misuse?
- Relates to the harmful use of any substance for non-medical purposes or effect
64
What is alcohol withdrawal?
- tremulousness / shaking - Activation syndrome - Seizures - Hallucinations
65
What is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?
- pre and post-natal growth retardation - CNS abnormalities - Craniofacial abnormalities
66
What are the treatments for alcohol dependence?
- Medical - acamprosate calcium - disulfiram - nalmefene - psychosocial = therapy
67
What screening tools are used in alcohol dependence?
- FAST - AUDIT - CAGE
68
Where can intestinal obstruction occur?
- Lumen - Wall - Something pressing outside of the bowel
69
What can obstruction in the lumen of the gut be?
- Tumour - Diaphragm disease - Meconium - Gallstone ileus
70
With a tumour in the lumen of the gut, where is most likely to produce an obstruction?
- Left side of colon
71
What is diverticular disease?
- Small bulges that form in the wall of the colon - Mainly occurs in older people - Generally in the sigmoid colon
72
What happens to the colon in diverticular disease?
- Increased pressure in the lumen of the bowel - Mucosal increased pressure - Causes deformation - Eventually leads to an out-pouch, through the muscularis
73
What is Hirschprung's Disease?
- congenital disorder of the colon in which ganglion cells are absent - Causes constipation - Grossly-distended abdomen so people die quite young
74
What are examples of extraluminal obstructions?
- Adhesions - Volvulus - Tumour
75
What is an example of small bowel mechanical obstruction?
- proximal dilatation - increased secretions and distension - untreated obstruction leads
76
What are the symptoms of intestinal obstruction?
- anorexia - nausea - vomiting - distension - abdominal pain - altered bowel habits
77
How does intestinal obstruction present in patients?
- Vomiting - Will be forceful and content = bilious/faeculent - abdominal pain (SOCRATES) - distension/swelling
78
How does small bowel obstruction present in patients?
- Vomiting - Pain - Constipation - Distension - Tenderness
79
What would the abdomen look like with a patient with small bowel obstruction?
- distension - visible peristalsis - obvious lump at site of obstruction
80
What are the causes of SBO in adults, and in children?
- Adults = adhesions, hernia, crohns, malignancy | - Children = appendicitis, volvulus, atresia
81
What is a hernia?
- Abnormal protrusion of viscus through normal/abnormal defects of body cavity
82
Where can hernias present?
- Indirect inguinal (opening of inguinal canal) - Femoral - Direct inguinal (opening) - Epigastric - Incisional
83
What is adhesive obstruction?
- 60% of SBO | - Secondary to previous abdominal surgery
84
What is intesussuption?
- Telescoping of intestine into one another
85
How does a large bowel obstruction (LBO) present?
- Malignancy - Abdominal discomfort and pain - Bloating/ nausea - Altered bowel habit - Volvulus - suddenly and painful
86
What are the causes of LBO?
- Age and race dependent - US/Europe high | - Paediatric - anatomical development goes wrong
87
What is volvulus?
- loop of intestine twists around itself and the mesentery that supports it, resulting in a bowel obstruction.
88
What is paralytic ileus?
- Failure of peristalsis with no mechanical obstruction
89
What are the signs of paralytic ileus?
- painless distension - vomiting absent - minimal bowel sounds
90
Describe colorectal cancer.
- Mainly occurs in older people | - Incidence rates higher in Australia, N. America and W. Europe
91
What is hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)?
- Inherited autosomal dominant | - There is a risk of further cancers
92
What can cause diarrhoea?
- Infective causes | - Non-infective causes e.g. neoplasma, inflammatory, irritable bowel, hormonal etc
93
What type of bacteria is cholera?
- Gram-negative vibrio
94
What type of bacteria is E. coli?
- Gram negative bacillus
95
What is norovirus?
- mainly occurs in winter - causes vomiting - can cause diarrhoea, nausea, cramps, headache, fever, chills - lasts 1-3 days
96
What is C. difficile associated with?
- Antibiotic use, broad-spec antibiotics
97
How is C. difficile spread?
- faeco-oral route directly or through spores in the environment
98
How can you prevent C. difficile?
- alcohol rub will NOT destroy the pores - hand-washing using soap will remove microorganisms from the hands - SIGHT (gloves/apron and test stool for toxin)
99
How would you investigate C. difficile?
- test stool samples | - tissue samples at sigmoidoscopy
100
What is diarrhoeal disease in children?
- Frequent loose or watery stools - significant fluid loss can occur in children - range of causative organisms
101
What is meningococcal infection?
- Can present as meningitis or septicaemia - Casued by Neisseria meningitidis - infection NOT easily spread, but via direct contact
102
What is gastritis?
- Inflammation of the lining of the stomach
103
What are the symptoms of gastritis?
- indigestion - burning stomach pain - nausea/ vomiting - full after eating
104
How would you diagnose gastritis?
- Stool test - check for H. pylori infection - Endoscopy
105
What is the differential diagnosis for gastritis?
- H. pylori bacterial infection - Excessive use of cocaine or alcohol - regularly taking NSAIDS - stress
106
What is the treatment for gastritis?
- antacids - H2 blockers = ranitidine - PPIs = omeprazole
107
What is H. pylori gastritis?
- can cause recurring bouts of indigestion - common in elderly - generally lifelong, unless treated with eradication therapy
108
What are the symptoms of oesophageal cancer?
- difficulty swallowing - persistent indigestion - loss of appetite and weight loss
109
What are the causes of oesophageal cancer?
- persistent GORD - smoking - excessive alcohol - obesity
110
What is the treatment for oesophageal cancer?
- surgery to remove affected section | - chemotherapy
111
What are the symptoms of gastric cancer?
- persistent indigestion - trapped wind - bloating - persistent stomach pain - advanced symptoms = blood/black poo
112
What can increase your likelihood of developing gastric cancer?
- male - 55+ - smoking - low fibre diet
113
What is peritonitis?
Inflammation of the peritoneum
114
What can cause inflammation of the peritoneum? (6)
- Inflammed organ e.g. appendix - Air (ulcer, leak or stab wound) - Pus - Faeces (colon perforation) - Luminal contents - Blood
115
What are the common causes of peritonitis and where is pain felt?
- Gastritis (CUQ) - Cholecytitis (RUQ) - Pancreatitis (Epigastric) - Appendicitis (RLQ) - Diverticulitis (LLQ)
116
How do you diagnose peritonitis?
- MRI | - CT scan
117
How do you treat peritonitis?
- Laproscopy - Treat problem (patch hole/remove organ or cause) - Wash out infection
118
What is ascites?
- Collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity - detectable or chronic
119
How is ascites classified?
- Stage 1 = mild - Stage 2 = easily detectable - Stage 3 = obvious, but not tense - Stage 4 = tense ascites
120
What are the causes of ascites?
- cirrhosis (75%) - malignancy - heart failure - TB - pancreatitis
121
How would a patient with ascites present?
- Abdominal distension - Nausea, loss of appetite - Constipation - Jaundice (if cause is liver)
122
How would you diagnose ascites?
- Analysis of ascitic fluid - Naked eye assessment - X-ray or ultrasound
123
How would you treat ascites?
- Treat underlying cause (95% portal hypertension) | - Shunts (portosystemic shunts for liver cirrhosis)

Yr1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions