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ILA Flashcards

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1
Q

What is piriton?

A
  • An anti-histamine which relieves the symptoms of allergies

- Can make you feel drowsy

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2
Q

What is hydrocortisone cream?

A
  • A steroid medicine

- Used to treat swelling, itching and irritation

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3
Q

What is menorrhagia?

A
  • Heavy periods
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4
Q

What is Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

A
  • Uncommon cancer that develops in the lymphatic system
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5
Q

What is the most common symptom of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

A
  • Painless swelling in a lymph node - usually in neck, armpit or groin
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6
Q

What are other symptoms in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

A
  • Night sweats
  • Unintentional weight loss
  • High temperature
  • cough
  • persistent itching
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7
Q

Name 2 common causes of generalised itching.

A
  • Contact allergy
  • Scabies
  • Atopic eczema (inflammatory)
  • pityriasis rosea
  • psoriasis
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8
Q

Name 2 occasional causes of generalised itching.

A
  • Urticaria - hives
  • Jaundice
  • Iron deficiency anaemia
  • endocrine-related
  • prickly heat
  • renal failure
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9
Q

What does a liver-function test do?

A
  • Bilirubin
  • ALT
  • AST
  • Albumin
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10
Q

When is a rash/itch ‘chronic’?

A
  • Presents for more than 6 weeks and is not relieved by scratching
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11
Q

What should you think about when examining an itch?

A
  • OLDCARTS
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12
Q

How would you diagnose a haematological disease?

A
  • Tissue sample

- lymph node biopsy

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13
Q

Which drug can give itching as a side effect?

A
  • ACE inhibitors

- generalised

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of leukaemia?

A
  • Acute lymphocytic leukaemia
  • Acute myeloid leukaemia
  • Chronic myeloid leukaemia
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
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15
Q

What are some side effects of chemotherapy?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Hair loss
  • infections
  • anaemia
  • sore mouth (mucositis)
  • sex/fertility issues
  • insomnia
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16
Q

What are the side effects of radiotherapy?

A
  • Sore skin
  • Fatigue
  • Hair loss
  • Nausea
  • diarrhoea
  • stiff joints and muscles
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17
Q

What is cauda equina syndrome?

A
  • Nerves at the base of the spinal cord are squeezed together
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18
Q

What are the symptoms of cauda equina syndrome?

A
  • Pain in back and/or legs
  • Weakness and numbness
  • Problems with bladder, bowel and sexual function
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19
Q

What can cause cauda equina syndrome?

A
  • Disc herniation (most common)
  • L4/5 compression
  • Epidural abscess
  • trauma
  • spinal stenosis
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20
Q

What is the treatment for cauda equina syndrome?

A
  • Laminectomy

- Part of the vertebra is removed to open space and relieve pressure on nerves

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21
Q

What is cord compression surgery?

A
  • Treats compressed nerves in the lower spine
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22
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A
  • Separation of the small bony part - fracture

- can be congenital

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23
Q

How can you manage back pain pharmacologically?

A
  • Painkillers
  • Diazepam
  • Amitriptyline
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24
Q

How can you manage back pain without medication?

A
  • Exercise
  • Physiotherapy
  • CBT
  • Surgery
  • Complimentary therapies
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25
What is TENS?
- Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation | - low electric pulse that can encourage your body to produce more endorphins
26
What are red flags in back pain?
- Recent trauma - unexplained weight loss - immunosuppression - IV drug use - osteoporosis - sphincter disturbance - duration >6 weeks
27
What is sciatica?
- When the sciatic nerve is irritated
28
What are symptoms of sciatica?
- Pain (stabbing, burning or shooting) - Tingling - Weakness - Worsen on movement, and sneeze/cough
29
What is a slipped disc?
- When the disc between the bones of the spine pushes out | - Can cause lower back pain, numbess in area of body, neck pain
30
What is paralysis?
- Loss of ability to move some or all of the body | - Can be sudden or gradual
31
What is paraplegia?
- Impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower half | - T1-L5
32
What is quadriplegia?
- If all 4 limbs are affected by paralysis
33
What is atrial fibrillation?
- Heart condition that causes an irregular and abnormally fast HR - Symptoms include dizziness, SOB and tiredness
34
How would you recognise atrial fibrillation?
- Measure HR, it is irregular and occasionally fast | - May have noticeable heart palpitations
35
What is the CHADVASC score?
- Estimates the risk of stroke in patients with HF | - See whether need treatment with anti-coag
36
What does CHADVASC stand for?
- Congestive HF - Hypertension - Age - Diabetes - Stroke - Vascular disease - Sex (female)
37
What are common causes of headache?
- Tension headache - Frontal sinusitis - Migraine - Cervical spondylosis - Eye strain
38
What is cervical spondylosis?
- Age-related condition affecting joints in your neck. | - Devleops from wear and tear of cartilage and bones
39
What are some causes of subarachnoid haemorrhage?
- Ruptured aneurysms - Polycystic kidney disease - Smoking, high BP, cocaine
40
When should you treat GCA?
- Immediately!
41
If pregnant women complain of a headache in 3rd trimester?
- Along with visual disturbance | - Impending eclampsia
42
What should you remember for red flags and headache?
- SNOOP - Systemic symptoms - Neurological - Onset - Onset after 40 - Prior headache history if different
43
What is TMJ dysfunction?
- condition that affects movement of the jaw
44
What are symptoms of TMJ dysfunction?
- Pain around jaw, ear and temple - Clicking/grinding noises - Headache around temples
45
What is a medication overuse headache (MOH)?
- Headache occuring on at least 15dys/month | - Regularly overused with 1+ drug
46
What is the management for MOH?
- Withdrawal of the overused drug
47
A lesion in the temporal lobe will give what symptoms?
- Depersonalisation - Epilepsy - visual field defects - Forgetfulness
48
A lesion in the frontal lobe will give what symptoms?
- Anosmia - Change in personality - Dysphasia
49
A lesion in the parietal lobe will give what symptoms?
- Hemisensory loss | - inability to recognise objects
50
A lesion in the midbrain will give what symptoms?
- Unequal pupils - Inability to direct eyes up or down - Amnesia with recent events - Somnolence
51
What are the symptoms of renal colic?
- intest left-side pain - nausea/vomiting - blood in urine, foul-smelling
52
How would you diagnose renal colic?
- urine tests - blood tests (high urea and creatinine) - imaging - KUB
53
How would kidney stones present on a CT scan?
- white on CT as calcified
54
What is the medication for renal colic?
- Diclofenac
55
What size do kidney stones need to be for surgery?
-5mm+
56
What are staghorn stones? (3)
- Made of struvite - commonly formed after an infection - need to be surgically removed
57
What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)?
- bulge in aorta which can rupture and cause life-threatening bleeding
58
What are the symptoms of an AAA?
- pulsing sensation in stomach | - pain that doesn't go away in stomah and lower back
59
Who are most at risk from an AAA?
- men 65+ - smokers - high BP - relatives with an AAA
60
In a prostate, what would be the difference in BPH and cancer?
- BPH = smooth and enlarged | - Cancer = ragged
61
What are bladder stones?
- minerals formed inside the bladder when its not completely empty of urine
62
What are some symptoms of bladder stones?
- lower abdominal pain - pain/difficultly urinating - weeing more frequently - dark/cloudy urine - haematuria
63
What is the treatment for bladder stones?
- Surgery | - Cystolitholapaxy
64
Why is an enlarged prostate an issue?
- places pressure on the bladder and urethra | - affect how you urinate, cause difficulty etc.
65
What is the treatment for BPE?
- Lifestyle advice - medication including alpha-blockers e.g. doxazosin - surgery (TURP)
66
What is TB?
- bacterial infection | - spread through prolonged exposure to someone with the illness
67
What is the difference between latent and active TB?
- Latent = when the bacteria is in your body but you have no symptoms. Can still develop later
68
What are the symptoms of TB?
- cough >3 weeks - bloody phlegn - weight loss - night sweats/fever - tiredness/fatigue
69
What is the treatment for TB?
- Antibiotics (6 months) | - vaccination - BCG
70
What is cholecystectomy?
- Gall bladder removal | - either laparoscopic (most common) or open
71
What does the amylase blood test do?
- Determines whether disease of pancreas by measuring levels | - high levels indicate pancreatitis, gastroenteritis, preeclampsia
72
What are examples of common abdominal pain? (5)
- peptic ulcer - biliary colic - appendicitis - gastroenteritis - renal colic
73
What are examples of occasional abdominal pain? (4)
- Cholecystitis - Diverticulitis - Pyelonephritis - Pancreatitis
74
What does GET SMASHED stand for in relation to pancreatitis?
- Gallstones, ethanol, trauma (most common) - steroids - mumps - autoimmune - scorpion sting - hypercalcaemia - ERCP - drug
75
What is acute pancreatitis?
- Pancreas becomes inflamed but only couple days and no permanent damage
76
What are the symptoms of acute pancreatitis?
- Abdominal pain - nausea - vomiting/fever - lying down - Bruising (Cullen's sign)
77
What is Cullen's sign?
- Bruising around the belly button
78
What is Grey-Turner's sign?
- Bilateral | - bruising of the flanks
79
What happens in chronic pancreatitis?
- Pancreas becomes inflamed and stays this way so doesn't work properly
80
What are the symptoms in chronic pancreatitis?
- recurring - severe pain behind ribs/back - weight loss - back pain - jaundice - foul-smelling oily stool
81
What is Murphy's Sign?
- Hand on right costal margin - patient inspires - if pain = likely to have gallstones and related gallbladder issues - only positive if left reaction is normal
82
What are cholesterol stones?
- Made from precipitated cholesterol - 75-90% gallstones - Cannot be seen on an x-ray
83
What are bilirubin stones?
- Made of unconjugated bilirubin - pigmented | - Will appear on x-ray
84
What are some complications of gallstones?
- Go into cystic or bile duct - inflammation - jaundice - pancreatitis - infection
85
What are the symptoms of death?
- pale/grey - systemic decrease - loss ability to swallow - restlessness - delirium - cheyne stoke breathes
86
What are commonly prescribed drugs of misuse?
- Opioids e.g. codeine and morphine - CNS depressants e.g. benzodiazepines (Xanax, valium) - Stimulants e.g. amphetamine
87
What are common illegal drugs of misuse?
- cannabis - cocaine - ecstasy - meth - depressants

Yr1 (13 decks)

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