GI

Question 1

What are adipocytokines?

Answer 1

Cytokines secreted by adipose tissue

Question 2

What is the difference between marasmus and kawashiorkor disease?

Answer 2

Marasmus is deficiency of both calories and protein. Affects somatic compartment.

Kawashiorkor is deficiency of protein with adequate calories. Affects visceral compartment.

Question 3

Which neurotransmitters can stimulate the vomiting center?

Answer 3

Dopamine, Ach, serotonin, and opioid receptors

Question 4

How does procholrperazine work to treat N/V?

Answer 4

It is a dopamine agonist

Question 5

How does scopolamine work to treat N/V?

Answer 5

It is an anticholinergic drug (blocks Ach receptors) that treats motion sickness caused by Ach receptors in the vestibular center.

Question 6

Ondansetron (Zofran) is most likely used to treat N/V caused by what?

Answer 6

Cancer therapies

Question 7

Is achalasia a mechanical or functional problem?

Answer 7

Functional because the sphincter does not relax making it difficult to move food down the esophagus

Question 8

What is a H2 receptor antagonist?

Answer 8

Histamine causes inflammation because it promotes the release of acid.

So the H2 receptor antagonist blocks acid production

Question 9

Which condition increases the risk of Barrett’s esophagus a precursor to adenocarcinoma.

Answer 9

GERD

Question 10

What does arachidonic acid break down into?

Answer 10

Leukotrienes and prostaglandins and thromboxanes

Question 11

What are prostaglandins?

Answer 11

Inflammatory mediators that are important in vasodilation, promoting platelet aggregation, and bronchoconstriction.

In the stomach they stimulate mucous and bicarbonate . Vasodilate nearby blood vessels increasing blood flow to the stomach promoting new epithelial cell growth and inhibits acid secretion.

Question 12

What is gastrin?

Answer 12

A protein that is secreted in response to food entering the stomach. It stimulates the parietal cells to produce HCl and aids in gastric motility.

Question 13

What are parietal cells?

Answer 13

Secrete HCl to help maintain low pH in the stomach in response to gastrin.

Question 14

What are chief cells?

Answer 14

Secrete pepsinogen to digest proteins

Question 15

Which peptic ulcer disease is associated with weight gain?

Answer 15

Duodenal ulcers because pain decreases with eating.

Question 16

Which peptic ulcer is associated with weight loss?

Answer 16

Gastric ulcer because pain increases with food d/t the physical presence of food as well as HCl production.

Question 17

What is peptic ulcer disease?

Answer 17

Ulcer formation in the upper GI tract that affects the lining of the stomach or duodenum.

Question 18

What is a gastric ulcer?

Answer 18

Ulcer located in the stomach

Question 19

What is a duodenal ulcer?

Answer 19

Found inside the duodenum which is the 1st part of the small intestine.

Question 20

What are some risk factors for peptic ulcer disease?

Answer 20

Heavy drinking, smoking, hx of COPD, chronic NSAIDs, H pylori, genetic predisposition, cirrhosis, elderly over 65, and acute pancreatitis

Question 21

What is Zollinger Ellison syndrome?

Answer 21

Peptic ulcer disease d/t hyper secretion of gastrin by tumor called gastrinoma resulting in excess amt of HCl.

Question 22

What are the 2 types of stress ulcers?

Answer 22

Curling and Cushing

Question 23

How does chronic NSAID use put someone at risk for developing peptic ulcers?

Answer 23

It blocks prostaglandins, breaking down the defense of our stomach lining

Question 24

What does it mean that Crohn’s disease is transmural?

Answer 24

The damage and inflammation extends from the mucosa all the way down to the last layer known as the serosa.

Question 25

Why is important for our digestive system to absorb folic acid and vitamin B12?

Answer 25

They are essential for DNA synthesis of RBCs in their early production. If we can’t absorb these things we can become anemic.

Question 26

Which IBD has a cobble stone appearance?

Answer 26

Crohns because the inflammation is scattered with areas of healthy tissue

Question 27

With which IBD is bloody diarrhea more common?

Answer 27

Ulcerative colitis because as the mucosa and epithelium are destroyed blood and serum might be released into the lumen.

Question 28

With which IBD is the development of cancer more common?

Answer 28

Ulcerative colitis

Question 29

What 2 complications can occur as a result of E. Coli infection ?

Answer 29

Hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura.

Question 30

The overgrowth of C diff can lead to what other colitis?

Answer 30

Pseudomembranous colitis-toxic dilation of the colon (life threatening form of c diff colitis)

Question 31

What is the difference between diverticulosis and diverticulitis?

Answer 31

Diverticulosis is simply having the diverticula (bulging pouches) and diverticulitis is when the diverticula are inflamed.

Question 32

What kind of diarrhea is caused by celiac disease and lactase deficiency?

Answer 32

Osmotic

Question 33

How does Mg, sulfates, and phosphates cause osmotic diarrhea?

Answer 33

They are not absorbable so they pull fluid with them

Question 34

What is osmotic diarrhea?

Answer 34

When water is pulled into the bowel by the hyperosmotic nature of its contents in large quantities so that the colon is unable to reabsorb the excess fluid.

Question 35

What is short bowel syndrome?

Answer 35

When there isn’t enough time to absorb water in the large intestine leading to osmotic diarrhea. Often seen s/p colectomies.

Question 36

What is secretory diarrhea?

Answer 36

Caused by excess mucous secretion

Question 37

What are the 2 defecation reflexes?

Answer 37

Intrinsic myenteric and parasympathetic reflex.

Question 38

What is the difference between primary and secondary constipation?

Answer 38

Keywords Primary-bad diet Secondary- to other disease

Question 39

What is an example of a functional intestinal obstruction?

Answer 39

Paralytic ileus

Question 40

What is borborygmus?

Answer 40

Loud gurgling rumbling heard with bowel obstruction

Question 41

What is vitamin A important for?

Answer 41

Vision

Question 42

Vitamin K plays a role in what?

Answer 42

Clotting factors

Question 43

Vitamin E deficiency can lead to what 2 things?

Answer 43

Testicular atrophy and neurologic defects in children

Question 44

A lack of lipase, amylase, trypsin, and/or chymotrypsin is called what?

Answer 44

Pancreatic insufficiency

Question 45

What are possible causes of pancreatic insufficiency?

Answer 45

Pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic resection, and cystic fibrosis

Question 46

Why do we need conjugated bile salts?

Answer 46

To emulsify and absorb fats

Question 47

What are 2 possible causes of bile salt insufficiency?

Answer 47

Liver disease or bile obstruction

Question 48

Why does albumin take unconjugated bilirubin to the liver?

Answer 48

It is lipid soluble and it needs to become conjugated water soluble

Question 49

What is hemolytic jaundice?

Answer 49

When RBCs are destroyed at a rate in excess of the livers ability to remove the bilirubin from the blood.

Question 50

What is asterixis?

Answer 50

Tremor of the hands

Question 51

What is a severe consequence of portal hypertension?

Answer 51

Esophageal and stomach varices

Question 52

What is the role of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)?

Answer 52

Prevents regurgitation from the stomach

Question 53

Which valve controls the rate of stomach emptying and regurgitation of intestinal contents?

Answer 53

Pyloric sphincter

Question 54

What segment of the intestinal tract is responsible for nutrient absorption?

Answer 54

Small intestines

Question 55

What are the divisions of the large intestine?

Answer 55

Cecum, rectum, and anal canal

Question 56

What is the primary task of the large intestine?

Answer 56

Absorbs water

Question 57

What’s the nervous system of the GI?

Answer 57

Enteric

Question 58

Which ANS increases activity of the enteric NS?

Answer 58

Parasympathetic innervation

Question 59

T/F. The intestinal smooth muscle has its own intrinsic slow wave activity led by specialized pace maker cells.

Answer 59

True

Question 60

What are gastric pits?

Answer 60

Depressions in the epithelial lining of the stomach

Question 61

Why is intrinsic factor important?

Answer 61

Combines with vitamin B12 in the stomach and allows it to travel safely to the ileum so it can be absorbed

Question 62

How do prostaglandins and nitric oxide protect the mucosal layer of the stomach?

Answer 62

By stimulating the secretion of mucous and bicarbonate And Inhibiting the secretion of acid

Question 63

What is the role of prostaglandin E2?

Answer 63

Protects mucosal surface by inhibiting acid secretion and stimulates mucous

Question 64

What is the sphincter of odi?

Answer 64

Where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct connect to dump into the duodenum

Question 65

Where is bile stored?

Answer 65

Gallbladder

Question 66

Why is the liver important?

Answer 66

Produces bile Metabolizes hormones and drugs Synthesizes plasma proteins and blood clotting factors Stores vitamins and minerals Maintains blood glucose levels Regulates very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels

Question 67

Why is the liver known as an excretory organ?

Answer 67

Because it metabolizes drugs and hormones

Question 68

Why is albumin important for GI?

Answer 68

Helps give us oncotic pressure

Question 69

Why does our liver clear ammonia?

Answer 69

Toxic to the neurons

Question 70

What are the 2 most common causes of acute pancreatitis?

Answer 70

alcohol abuse and gall stones

Question 71

Which lab values can given us an insight on liver function?

Answer 71

AST, ALT, bilirubin, GGT, and ALP