Neuro

Question 1

Do the cranial nerves come from the CNS or PNS?

Answer 1

PNS

Question 2

What are the 2 types of nociceptive pain?

Answer 2

Somatic like pain coming from a burn or broken arm. Visceral coming from organs like abdominal pain.

Question 3

What are the functions of dopamine that can lead to Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 3

It helps to smooth out muscular movements

Question 4

What part of the neuron is damaged with MS?

Answer 4

The myelin sheath

Question 5

What happens when our nerves are damaged?

Answer 5

It causes a dysfunction or lack of signals being sent to the brain back to a certain part of the body where they need to go. This is why people have paraesthesias.

Question 6

An individual with a head injury is having bradypnea, bradycardia, and widening in their pulse pressure. What are you most concerned about and what is this called?

Answer 6

Herniation

Symptoms are called Cushing’s triad

Question 7

Why is A fib a risk factor for a stroke?

Answer 7

A fib can cause clots to form in the atria which can go to the ventricles and be pumped out towards the brain

Question 8

What is Cushing’s triad?

Answer 8

Widened blood pressure, bradycardia, and shallow respirations

Question 9

MS is an autoimmune disorder that attacks what?

Answer 9

The myelin sheath of the neurons

Question 10

Hypoglycemia can lead to confusion because of what process happening to the neurons?

Answer 10

They are highly dependent on oxygen and glucose so without them they can’t function properly.

Question 11

If neurons are the main players of nervous system which cells are the supporting cells?

Answer 11

Neuroglia

Question 12

What 2 types of neuroglia are in the peripheral nervous tissue?

Answer 12

Schwann and satellite cells

Question 13

4 types of glial cells in the central nervous tissue

Answer 13

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.

Question 14

What is the process by which neurons become depolarized?

Answer 14

Action potential initiated via the Na/K pump.

When a threshold is met Na rushes into the cell and K goes out. The influx of Na makes the cell positive so action occurs.

Question 15

Ach, glutamate, and aspartate are excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 15

Excitatory

Question 16

GABA is an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter?

Answer 16

Inhibitory

Question 17

Opioid peptides, histamine, norepinephrine and serotonin are neuromodulators. What does that mean?

Answer 17

They produce long term effects because they hang out longer in the synaptic space

Question 18

What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors?

Answer 18

Nicotinic and muscarinic

Question 19

What neurotransmitter binds to cholinergic receptors?

Answer 19

Acetylcholine

Question 20

What enzyme breaks down cholinergic neurotransmitters to remove them from the synapse?

Answer 20

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 21

The post and pre ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic NS release which cholinergic neurotransmitter ?

Answer 21

Ach

Question 22

Neurons in the SNS , the adrenergic receptors can bind and be stimulated by which molecules?

Answer 22

catecholamines like nor epinephrine ( adrenergic neurotransmitter)

Question 23

What compartment of the brain is CSF located in?

Answer 23

Subarachnoid space

Question 24

What is Normal CSF color?

Answer 24

Clear

Question 25

Which area of the brain does not have a blood brain barrier?

Answer 25

The pituitary gland

Question 26

The meninges are made up of what 3 layers?

Answer 26

Pía, arachnoid, and dura mater.

Question 27

The hindbrain is responsible for autonomic or somatic functions?

Answer 27

Autonomic

Question 28

Which part of the brain includes the medulla oblongata, cerebellum (coordination), and pons ?

Answer 28

Hindbrain

Question 29

Why do individuals with myasthenia gravis have diminished motor response?

Answer 29

AcH receptors are destroyed or blocked by something not allowing them to bind to Ach

Question 30

How is Parkinson’s developed?

Answer 30

From death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra which is a part of the basal ganglia

Question 31

Where is dopamine produced?

Answer 31

Basal ganglia

Question 32

What causes myasthenia gravis?

Answer 32

Autoimmune disorder that blocks or destroys Ach receptors

Question 33

What is the tx for myasthenia gravis?

Answer 33

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Question 34

What type of hypersensitivity is myasthenia gravis?

Answer 34

Type 2

Question 35

T/F. Parkinson’s causes weakness.

Answer 35

False

Question 36

What differentiates Parkinson’s from the other neuromuscular disorders?

Answer 36

Resting tremor

Question 37

Which neurons are affected with ALS?

Answer 37

Motor neurons are degenerated

Question 38

What is the result of motor neurons degenerating in ALS?

Answer 38

Muscle atrophy because muscles are not able to receive signals from the brain

Question 39

What is the typical progression of loss of function in ALS?

Answer 39

Distal to central

Question 40

What is the treatment for ALS?

Answer 40

No cure. It’s progressive but supportive measures can be used.

Question 41

What type of hypersensitivity is MS?

Answer 41

Type 4- cell mediated

Question 42

What causes the manifestations of MS?

Answer 42

Plaques on the brain, spinal cord, or optic nerve

Question 43

With epidural hematoma where does a hematoma develop?

Answer 43

above the dura mater

Question 44

Is an epidural hematoma caused by arterial or venous bleed?

Answer 44

arterial

Question 45

What is it called when someone loses consciousness off and on?

Answer 45

Lucid intervals

Question 46

Lucid intervals are seen with what type of brain injury?

Answer 46

Epidural hematoma

Question 47

With subdural hematoma where does bleeding occur?

Answer 47

Below the dura mater

Question 48

Why do subdural hematomas bleed slower?

Answer 48

It is a venous bleed

Question 49

Why are subdural hematomas more common in the elderly?

Answer 49

They are usually on blood thinners which can increase their risk for brain bleed and are more susceptible.

Question 50

With any type of head trauma where ICP is increased what complication are we most worried about?

Answer 50

Herniation

Question 51

How is LOC different in subdural hematoma than with epidural hematoma?

Answer 51

Usually no LOC at the time but will experience much later after the injury

Question 52

What are the 3 different categories that explain the causes of cerebral edema?

Answer 52

Osmotic, vasogenic, and cytotoxic.

Question 53

What is herniation?

Answer 53

When some brain tissue moves outside of the skull

Question 54

What are the two main types of stroke?

Answer 54

Hemorrhagic and ischemic

Question 55

What is the most common cause of a hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 55

Hypertensive crisis

Question 56

What is the main effect of a stroke on the brain?

Answer 56

Lack of perfusion

Question 57

What is an ischemic stroke?

Answer 57

When vessels that are connected to the brain are occluded by blood clot or atherosclerotic clot.

Question 58

What is a cerebral aneurysm?

Answer 58

Outpouchings caused by weakening of the tunica media in the vessels of the brain.

Question 59

A thunder clap HA can be most indicative of what type of brain damage?

Answer 59

Cerebral aneurysm

Question 60

What is arteriovenous malformation (AVM)?

Answer 60

A congenital defect when arteries and veins in the brain are connected where they should not be

Question 61

What is the most common complaint associated with AVM?

Answer 61

Headache

Question 62

What is meningitis?

Answer 62

Inflammation of the pia mater, arachnoid space, and subarachnoid space.

Question 63

What sign in myasthenia gravis is most likely to develop 1st?

Answer 63

muscle weakness of the eyes

Question 64

Ach binds to what type of receptor to produce muscle contraction?

Answer 64

Nicotinic Ach receptors

Question 65

What is the immune system doing in a patient with myasthenia gravis?

Answer 65

Developing antibodies against the Ach receptors

Question 66

What is a hallmark finding of myasthenia gravis?

Answer 66

Muscle weakness gets worse with repetitive activity but better with rest

Question 67

One word to describe the characteristics of myasthenia gravis manifestations?

Answer 67

Weakness