GI Anatomy Flashcards
(234 cards)
1
Q
What is the GI tract made up of?
A
Oral cavity Pharynx (oropharynx and laryngopharynx) Oesophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large intestine Rectum Anal canal
2
Q
Name the functions of the GI tract (6 functions)
A
1 - break down food into soft mass in oral cavity via action of teeth and saliva
2 - bypass the airway to move food
3 - convey food to the stomach
4 - mechanical and chemical digestion of food, absorption of nutrients
5 - absorption of water making the faeces more firm
6 - excretion/maintenance of continence
3
Q
What is the oral fissure?
A
Mouth (lips)
4
Q
What is the oral vestibule?
A
Space between the teeth and gums internally and the cheeks and lips externally
5
Q
Where does the parotid duct open?
A
Opposite the upper 2nd molar
6
Q
What is the oral cavity proper?
A
Alveolar arches, teeth, gingiva, submandibular and sublingual ducts
7
Q
What makes up the roof and floor of the oral cavity proper?
A
Floor: geniohyoid muscle and mylohyoid muscle + tongue
Roof: hard and soft palate
8
Q
What is the muscle of the cheek called?
A
Buccinator
9
Q
Which bones make up the floor, roof and lateral walls of the oral cavity?
A
Roof - hard palate –> maxilla and palatine
Floor - no bones
Lateral walls - alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible
10
Q
What part of the mouth is the hard palate vs soft palate?
A
Hard palate is anterior 2/3, non-mobile
Soft palate is posterior 1/3
11
Q
What makes up the hard palate?
A
Palatine processes of the maxilla
Horizontal processes of the palatine
Sphenoid
** Posterior nasal spine **
12
Q
Where are the palatine rugae found?
A
Hard palate for holding food in place
13
Q
Which muscles make up the soft palate?
A
Tensor palati Levator palati Palatoglossus Palatopharyngeus Musculus uvulae
14
Q
What epithelium makes up the oral surface of the hard palate?
A
Stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium
15
Q
What are other features of the soft palate?
A
Palatine aponeurosis
Uvula
16
Q
What is the function of the palatine aponeurosis?
A
Muscles of soft palate attach to this
17
Q
What is the name of the opening that connects the oral cavity and oropharynx? Which arches are involved in keeping this open?
A
Oropharyngeal isthmus
Palatoglossal arches
18
Q
Where is the palatine tonsils positioned?
A
Between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
19
Q
What parts is the tongue divived into?
A
Oral part - anterior 2/3rds, papillae with taste buds
Pharyngeal part - posterior 1/3, lymphatic follicles forming lingual tonsils which forms the wall of the oropharynx
20
Q
What is the terminal sulcus?
A
V-shaped groove separating the oral and pharyngeal part of the tongue
21
Q
What is the line called running down the middle of the tongue?
A
Septum
22
Q
What bones does the tongue attach to?
A
Hyoid and mandible
23
Q
Name the different parts of the tongue.
A
Lip, dorsum (oral and pharyngeal parts), margins, inferior surface, root, frenulum
24
Q
Name the different types of lingual papillae.
A
Fungiform papillae - mushroom shaped
Foliate papillae - leaf like
Filiform papillae - filament like, no taste buds
Vallate papillae - posterior near terminal sulcus, rimmed depression surrounding them
25
Name the intrinsic muscles of the tongue.
Superior longitudinal
Vertical
Transverse
Inferior longitudinal
26
Name the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
27
What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Alter the shape of the tongue
28
What is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Move the tongue and alter the shape of it
29
What is the function of saliva?
Cleaning
Lubrication
pH
Salivary amylase for starches
30
Which is the largest salivary gland?
Parotid
31
Where is the parotid gland located?
Beside the ear, ensheathed in a fibrous capsule, external to masseter.
32
Where does the parotid duct open?
Penetrates the buccinator opposite the 2nd upper molar in the oral vestibule
33
Where is the submandibular gland located?
Below the mandible in a fibrous capsule
34
Which gland consists of a deep and superficial part?
Submandibular gland
35
Where does the submandibular duct open into?
Into the oral cavity proper on sublingual papilla (caruncle) at the side of the frenulum
36
Where does the sublingual duct open into?
Into the oral cavity proper on the sublingual fold (ridge)
37
Which parts of the pharynx is involved in the passageway of food?
Oropharynx
| Laryngopharynx
38
Describe the walls of the pharynx
Mucous membrane
Fibrous Layer - thickened above to form the pharyngobasilar fascia. Fills the interval between the superior constrictor muscle and base of skull.
Muscle layer - inner levators, outer constrictors
Fascial Layer - buccopharyngeal fascia
39
Name the two muscle groups of the pharynx.
Inner levators
| Outer constrictors
40
Which muscles make up the levators?
Salpingopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Stylopharyngeus
41
Describe the origin and insertion of each of the levators.
Salpingopharyngeus - cartilage near auditory tube to walls of pharynx
Palatopharyngeus - posterior border of hard palate to sides of pharynx and thyroid cartilage
Stylopharyngeus - styloid process of hyoid bone to thyroid cartilage and side of pharynx
42
What is the function of the levators?
Elevate the pharynx and larynx during swallowing.
43
Name the constrictor muscles.
Superior, middle and inferior constrictors
44
Where do all the constrictor muscles insert into?
Pharyngeal raphe
45
Describe the locations of the constrictor muscles.
Superior - side of the mouth, mandible, tongue. Below the pharyngobasilar fasica.
Middle - hyoid bone, stylohyoid ligament
Inferior - thyroid and cricoid cartilage
46
What are the lateral wall features of the oropharynx?
Palatopharyngeal arch
Palatoglossal arch
Palatine tonsil
47
How does the oropharynx connect with the oral cavity?
Via the oropharyngeal isthmus
48
How does the oropharynx connect with the nasopharynx?
Via the pharyngeal isthmus
49
What is the piriform fossa and where is it found?
The piriform fossa is found in the laryngopharynx. it is a cavity lateral to the laryngeal inlet
50
What is the arrangement of muscles in the pharynx?
```
Inner longitudinal (levators)
Outer circular (constrictors)
```
51
What is the arrangement of muscles in the oesophagus?
Inner circular
| Outer longitudinal
52
How long is the oesophagus?
25-30cm
53
Name the layers of the oesophagus.
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscle
Adventitia/serosa
54
Describe how the different thirds of the oesophagus differ in muscle type.
Upper 1/3 = skeletal
Middle 1-3 = skeletal and smooth
Lower 1/3 = smooth
55
Describe the upper oesophageal sphincter.
Thickening of inner circular muscle in wall of oesophagus.
| Supported by cricopharyngeus muscle of inferior constrictor
56
Describe the lower oesophageal sphincter.
Thickening of inner circular muscle in wall of oesophagus. Supported by muscle fibres of stomach and diaphragm
57
Which state are the oesophageal sphincters usually in?
Contracted state
58
What is the function of each oesophageal sphincter in the contracted state?
Upper esophageal sphincter prevents air from entering the oesophagus from the laryngopharynx.
LES prevents food and gastric secretions from entering the stomach.
59
What is the function of each oesophageal sphincter in the relaxed state?
UES - allows food to enter the oesophagus from the larynx.
| LES - allows food to enter the stomach from the oesophagus.
60
What is another name for the upper esophageal sphincter?
Cricopharyngeus sphincter
61
Name the places where constrictions occur in the oesophagus.
Cricopharyngeus sphincter (15cm)
Aortic arch (22cm)
Left main bronchus (27cm)
Diaphragm (38cm)
62
Describe stage one of swallowing.
```
· End of mastication
· Food on the dorsum of the tongue
· Tongue rises to press against hard palate (elevation)
· Voluntary
Forces food mass into the oropharynx
```
63
Describe stage two of swallowing.
· Elevation and tensing of soft palate and elevation of larynx to prevent food entering the respiratory airways
· Levator and constrictor muscles contract (shortening, peristalsis)
· Food enters the laryngopharynx
· UES relaxes: food enters oesophagus
· UES contracts after food mass has entered the oesophagus
Involuntary and rapid
64
Describe stage three of swallowing.
· Peristalsis in oesophagus to carry food mass
· LES relaxes and food enters stomach
· LES contracts after food mass has entered stomach
Involuntary
65
Name the bones making up the floor, roof and lateral walls of the oral cavity.
Floor - no bones
Roof - maxilla and palatine (hard palate)
Lateral walls - alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible
66
What is the name of the muscular fold on each side that marks the posterior limit of the oral cavity?
Palatoglossal folds/arches
67
What is the function of this muscular fold?
Closes the oral cavity from the oropharynx during deglutition (swallowing)
68
Name the part of the pharynx that lies posterior to the oral cavity.
Oropharynx
69
What function does saliva have in the mouth?
Lubrication
pH
Cleaning
Salivary amylase for starches
70
Which is the largest of the salivary glands?
Parotid gland
71
What major structures does the parotid gland lie close to?
Facial nerve
72
Where does the parotid gland open into the oral cavity?
Opposite the second upper molar
73
Why does severe pain occur in patients with infected parotid glands?
Thick connective tissue capsule that carries sensory nerve fibres.
74
Why is pain often worse during chewing or sucking a lemon?
This activates the production of saliva, which cannot exit the blocked salivary duct. Increased salivary secretion.
75
Why does the parotid gland disease often cause pain in the auricle, external acoustic meatus, temporal region and temporomandibular joint?
Affected innervation from the Auriculotemporal nerve causes this pain.
Referred pain
76
Describe the position of the tongue in the oral cavity.
Floor of the oral cavity
77
Is the oral part of the tongue freely movable?
Yes - movable to help with speech and mastication
| Pharyngeal part of tongue is anchored to the hyoid bone
78
What is the frenulum of the tongue?
Fold of mucus membrane located under the central portion of the tongue. Mucosal fold at the inferior aspect of the tongue.
79
What are the names of the blood vessels that lie close to the thin, transparent mucous membrane on the inferior surface of the tongue and are situated on either side of the lingual frenulum?
Deep lingual veins
80
What is the sulcus terminalis of the tongue? Where is it?
V-shaped groove which separates the tongue into the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3. Line between the oral and pharyngeal parts of tongue.
81
What important structure lies just in front of the sulcus terminalis? What is their function?
Circumvallate papillae - taste
82
What is meant by intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Intrinsic muscles - run from side to side of the tongue
Extrinsic muscles are attached to bone. Originate from outside the tongue (from bones - hyoid, styloid, mandible and palate)
83
How are intrinsic muscles of the tongue arranged?
```
Superior longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical
inferior longitudinal
Important for changing the shape of the tongue for speech and handling food
```
84
List the important extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
85
Which of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue draws the tongue forwards, backwards, upwards and downwards?
Forwards - genioglossus
Backwards - hyoglossus, styloglossus
Upwards - styloglossus, palatoglossus
Downwards - genioglossus. hyoglossus
86
Which two cavities does the palate separate?
Nasal cavity and oral cavity
87
What is the name given to the anterior two-thirds of the palate and posterior third of the palate?
Hard palate
| Soft palate
88
Is there any difference in the appearance of the two palates in radiograms?
Soft palate consists of soft tissues - appear gray/black on x-ray
Hard palate consists of bone - appears white on x-ray
Difference in opacity
89
What is the median projection from the posterior margin of the palate called?
Uvula
90
List the muscles of the soft palate.
```
Tensor palati
Levator palati
Palatopharyngeus
Palatoglossus
Muscularis uvulae (uvula)
```
91
How is it possible to close off the oropharynx from the oral cavity and from the nasopharynx?
Soft palate elevates and tenses to close off the oral cavity from the nasopharynx
Oropharyngeal isthmus controls
Palatoglossal folds and soft palate = ANSWER
92
During which stage of swallowing does the soft palate elevate and tense?
Stage 2 - pharyngeal phase
93
What separates the posterior wall of the pharynx from the vertebral column?
Loose fascia which permits movement
94
Where does the submandibular duct open into the oral cavity?
Near the sublingual papillae/caruncles on floor of mouth, underneath the tongue
95
During which stage of swallowing is the larynx and pharynx raised?
Stage 2
96
Is the hyoid bone raised during swallowing?
Yes
Hyoid bone needs to be moved to allow the UES to open. Contraction of the mylohyoid bone allows movement of the hyoid bone.
97
To which skeletal structure is the muscle in the upper part of the oesophagus attached?
Cricopharyngeal muscle attached to cricoid cartilage
98
What structures cause three impressions in the wall of the thoracic part of the oesophagus?
Aortic arch
Left main bronchus
Diaphragm
99
Name the part of the stomach that the oesophagus is continuous with.
Cardia
100
What forms the roof, anterolateral wall , posterior wall and floor of the abdominopelvic cavity?
• ROOF - formed by the diaphragm
• ANTEROLATERAL WALLS - formed by the AL abdominal muscles, hip bone, pelvic muscles and ligaments
• POSTERIOR WALL - muscles of the posterior abdominal wall, sacrum, coccyx, lumbar vertebrae, pelvic muscles
• FLOOR - muscles of the pelvic and urogenital diaphragm
Most of the space in the abdominal cavity is taken up by abdominal organs and pelvic organs
101
What are the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity lined by?
Parietal peritoneum
102
What are abdominal organs covered by?
Visceral peritoneum
103
Describe the peritoneal cavity.
Space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum.
104
What is the function of the peritoneal cavity?
• Contains a thin film of serous fluid - secreted by both peritoneums
Reduces friction and allows for freely movable viscera to slide freely past one another
105
Define mesentery.
Mesentery: a 2 layered fold of peritoneum that attaches part of the GI tract to the posterior abdominal wall
106
Define omentum.
Omentum: 2 layered fold of peritoneum that attaches the stomach to another organ
107
Define peritoneal ligament.
Peritoneal Ligament: 2 layered fold of peritoneum that attaches an organ to the abdominopelvic wall or to another organ
108
Define peritoneal fold.
Peritoneal Fold: a reflection formed by peritoneum that covers blood vessels and ducts
109
Describe the divisions of the peritoneal cavity.
Greater Peritoneal Sac (general peritoneal cavity)
| Lesser Peritoneal Sac - lies behind the stomach and lesser omentum
110
What is another name for the lesser peritoneal sac?
Omental bursa
111
How does the greater peritoneal cavity communicate with the lesser peritoneal cavity?
Via an opening called the epiploic foramen
112
What forms the subdivision of the greater peritoneal sac?
Greater omentum
Transverse colon
Transverse mesocolon
113
What are the subdivisions of the greater peritoneal cavity?
Supracolic Compartment - upper/anterior part
| Infracolic Compartment - lower/posterior part
114
What is the supracolic compartment further divided into?
Divided by the liver into the left and right suphrenic spaces (inferior to the diaphragm) and the left/right subhepatic spaces
115
What is the infracolic compartment divided into?
Subdivided by the mesentery of the SI into the left/right infracolic spaces
116
Which spaces are important in an intrahepatic infection?
Infracolic spaces - abscesses can form here
117
What does the anterior wall of the lesser peritoneal sac contribute to?
Posterior wall = lines posterior surface of the stomach, contributes to the greater and lesser omentum
118
What does the posterior wall of the lesser peritoneal sac contribute to?
Greater omentum. Lines some of the posterior abdominal organs and diaphragm.
119
What level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?
Level T10 and joins the stomach at the gastroesophageal junction
120
What forms the gastroesophageal sphincter?
Inner circular layer of the distal oesophagus and the inner oblique muscular layer of the stomach
121
Which two processes in the stomach breakdown the food?
Mechanical and chemical digestion
122
Name the three parts of the stomach.
Fundus, body, pyloric part
123
What is the pyloric part split into?
Pyloric antrum - wider, proximal part which is continuous with the body of the stomach
Pyloric canal - narrower, distal part, pyloric sphincter in wall
124
Name the openings of the stomach.
Cardiac opening
| Pyloric opening
125
Name the curvatures of the stomach.
Greater curvature
| Lesser curvature
126
Name the surfaces of the stomach.
Anterior and posterior surface
127
Describe the features of the lesser curvature.
Angular notch - distinction between pyloric and body part of stomach
Lesser omentum attaches to lesser curvature and upper surface of the proximal duodenum
128
What does the lesser omentum attach to?
Attaches to stomach and proximal upper part of duodenum. Connects these to the liver.
129
What are the features of the greater omentum?
Attaches to the greater curvature, then goes in front of the transverse colon and attaches to the posterior abdominal wall
130
Name the layers of the wall of the stomach.
Mucosa - folded into rugae with core of submucosa
Submucosa
Muscle - inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal
Serosa - peritoneum covering except in some parts near the cardiac opening
131
What is the function of the SI?
Chemical digestion and absorption of low molecular weight compounds.
132
Define the length/boundaries of the small intestine.
From the pylorus to the ileocecal junction (continuous with caecum)
133
Which parts of the small intestine are mobile?
All parts except the duodenum
134
What is the mesentery of the small intestine?
Jejunum and ileum are suspended from this mesentery from the posterior abdominal wall
135
Describe the characteristics of the duodenum.
Shortest, widest and most fixed part of the small intestine.
Except for the first 2.5cm, it is stuck to the posterior abdominal wall.
25cm long from the pylorus to duodenojejunal junction.
C-shaped curve around the pancreas and projects upwards toward the vertebral column.
136
Name the 4 parts of the duodenum.
1st part is the superior
2nd part is the descending
3rd part is the horizontal
4th part is the ascending
137
Describe the characteristics of the jejunum and ileum.
Longest and most mobile part of the SI.
6-7m long
Decreases in diameter as it passes from the proximal jejunum to distal ileum. (2.5cm to 2cm)
Extends from the duodenojejunal junction to the ileocecal junction
Attached to posterior abdominal wall by mesentery of SI
138
Describe the layers in the small intestine.
Mucosa - circular folds called plicae circularis - villi and microvili. Found throughout the SI, except the first part of the duodenum.
Submucosa
Muscle - inner circular, outer longitudinal
Serosa
139
Describe how the SA of the SI is increased.
Villi and microvilli
| Plicae circularis
140
What is the function of microvilli and intestinal glands?
Microvilli = enzymes which function in final stages of digestion
Intestinal glands secrete mucus and enzymes
141
Name the external features of the LI.
3 thickened bands of longitudinal muscle in its wall = teniae coli
Sacculations of wall between the taeniae coli = haustra
Small pouches of peritoneum filled with fat = omental appendices
142
State the diameters involved in the 3,6,9 rule.
SI = 3cm
Large intestine = 6cm
Cecum = 9cm
143
Name the layers in the wall of the LI.
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscle
Serosa
144
State where the mucosal folds are found in the LI.
Around the ileocecal opening - ileocecal valve
Between adjacent haustra
Transverse folds in the rectum = support the weight of the faeces and prevent overdistension of the rectal ampulla
145
State the functions of the LI.
· Reabsorption of water and electrolytes from faecal material
· Digestion of dietary fibres e.g. cellulose by resident bacteria - by-products of fermentation from bacteria may help to control blood glucose
Secretion of mucus by intestinal glands - facilitates transport of faeces and minimizes damage to mucosal surface of LI as faeces become firmer due to absorption of water
146
Describe the caecum.
· Blind pouch that connects with the terminal ileum in its upper part and with the appendix in its lower part
· Lies in the right iliac fossa on the iliopsoas muscle
Longitudinal muscle coat in its wall forms 3 distinct bands, the taeniae coli
147
Does the appendix have taeniae coli?
No - it is a continuous layer of longitudinal muscle
148
Name the different parts of the colon.
Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
149
Which parts of the colon are fixed?
Ascending and descending
150
Describe the rectum.
· Continuous with the sigmoid colon and begins in front of the S3 vertebra
· Follows the curvature of the sacrum and coccyx - sagittal plane
· In a coronal plane it is S-shaped having 3 lateral flexures (R, L, R) - at the levels of the flexures are the foldings of the mucosa that project into its cavity, the transverse rectal folds
· Passes through the pelvic diaphragm (formed mainly by the R and L levator ani M) and bends sharply backwards to become the anal canal
Its cavity is expanded towards the lower portion just above the pelvic diaphragm to form the rectal ampulla, which temporarily stores faeces
151
Describe the anal canal.
· Passes downwards and backwards from the lower end of the rectum to the anus
· The junction of the rectum and anal canal is at the level of the pelvic floor where puborectalis M (a part of levator ani M) of each side forms a sling around this part of the GI tract and pulls it forwards
Is closed except during the passage of faeces or flatus, its lateral walls being kept apposed to one another by the levator ani Ms and the anal sphincters
152
What are the characteristics of the internal anal sphincter?
Thickening of circular fibres of smooth muscle of anal canal
Sympathetic innervaiton
Upper 2/3rds of anal canal
153
Describe the characteristics of the external anal sphincter.
Striated muscle
Pudendal nerve (branch of inferior rectal nerve)
Surrounds the whole length of the anal canal, 3 parts
154
State the features of the upper part of the mucosa of the anal canal.
Mucus membrane is in folds = anal columns, which each has a small artery and vein (terminal branches of superior rectal vessels)
155
State the features of the lower part of the mucosa of the anal canal.
No anal columns
Mucosa of lowermost part of anal canal is very sensitive
Part above the pectinate line is relatively insensitive
156
How do the supracolic and infracolic compartments of the greater peritoneal cavity communicate with each other?
Connected by the paracolic gutters
157
What is the name of the muscular fold on each side that marks the posterior limit of the oral cavity?
Palatoglossal fold
158
What parts of the pharynx are common to both the air and food pathways?
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
159
What separates the posterior wall of the pharynx from the vertebral column?
Retropharyngeal space
160
What is the purpose of the retropharyngeal space?
Allows sliding of the pharynx during deglutition
161
What is the purpose of the arrangement of the constrictor muscles?
Reinforcement of the muscle wall
162
What are the functions of the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?
Propel bolus/food distally
163
In what sequence do the constrictor muscles contract?
Proximally to distally (superior to inferior)
164
Is the contraction of the constrictor muscles voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
165
What initiates the contraction of the constrictor muscles?
Presence of bolus
166
During which stage of swallowing are the pharynx and larynx raised?
2nd stage - pharyngeal stage
167
Is the hyoid bone raised in the second stage of swallowing?
Yes
168
What is the narrowest part of the oesophagus? What is responsible for this narrowing? What is its purpose?
Upper sphincter
Circular muscle
To prevent air entry
169
Is the muscle in the wall of the oesophagus striated or smooth for the upper third, middle third and lower third?
Upper third - skeletal
Middle third - mixed
Lower third - smooth
170
To which skeletal structure is the muscle in the upper part of the esophagus attached?
Cricoid
171
In the passage of bolus of food down the esophagus, there may be a momentary slowing at the level of the clavicles. Explain
Transition of muscle type
172
What is the fibrocartilaginous tubular structure that lies anterior to the esophagus in the neck and superior mediastinum?
Trachea
173
Name the structures causing 3 impressions of the oesophagus.
```
Cricoid cartilage (C5/C6)
Aortic arch (T4/T5)
Esophageal Hiatus (T10/T11)
```
174
When will a pharyngeal diverticulum/pouch occur in the pharyngeal wall?
When there is muscular weakness
175
Which part of the stomach is stomach is continuous with the oesophagus?
Cardia
176
What are possible areas of weakness in the pharyngeal wall?
Between the constrictors.
177
What is responsible for the symptoms of dysphagia, a sensation of food sticking in throat and regurgitation?
Diverticulum
178
Why is it more likely for a bulge in the oesophagus to be observed in the patient on the left side rather than the right?
Oesophagus is more on the left side at the root of the neck
| The average left muscle layer is thinner than the right muscle layer.
179
Explain why pulmonary aspiration is a common complication of surgical treatment for excision of pouches.
Proximity of the diverticular pouch to the laryngeal inlet - pulmonary aspiration may occur if px inhale saliva/objects during surgery. This occurs because patients do not have sufficient laryngeal protective reflexes due to anaesthesia.
180
Name the lobes of the liver.
Left and right lobes
| Caudate and Quadrate Lobes
181
How many segments of the liver are there?
8 segments of the liver
| Each has their own blood supply and function independently
182
Name the recesses of the liver and their locations.
Subphrenic: below the diaphragm
Hepatorectal: above the kidney
Subhepatic: immediately below the liver
183
Falciform ligament
Attaches liver to the anterior abdominal wall - ends in the ligamentum teres
184
What is the ligamentum teres?
Remnant of obliterated umbilical vein
185
Coronary ligament
Horizontal reflection of peritoneum from the diaphragm
186
Ligamentum venosum
Remnant of the ductus venosus (was a diversion away from the liver during foetal development, it closes after birth)
187
Bare area
Diaphragmatic surface of the liver without peritoneum
188
Porta hepatis
Deep fissure on the inferior surface which all neurovascular structures and ducts enter or leave the liver.
189
What contains the portal triad?
Porta Hepatis
190
What makes up the portal triad?
```
Bile duct (right)
Portal vein (posterior)
Hepatic artery (left)
```
191
How many parts does the pancreas have?
4 parts - head, neck, body and tail
192
Which parts of the pancreas are retroperitoneal?
All parts except for the tail
193
Main pancreatic duct - what does it unite with and where does it open?
Unites with the bile duct and opens via the major duodenal papilla (containing the sphincter of Oddi)
194
What does the accessory pancreatic duct do?
Communicates with the main pancreatic duct and opens via the minor duodenal papilla.
195
Name the parts of the gall bladder.
Fundus, body and neck.
196
What forms the common bile duct?
Cystic duct unites with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct.
197
What is the function of the spleen?
Site for blood cell formation, proliferation and breakdown.
| Acts as a blood reservoir, stores platelets
198
What protects the spleen?
Inferior ribs - not usually palpable
199
Name the abdominal aorta branches from superior to inferior.
```
Celiac trunk (T12)
Superior mesenteric artery (L1)
Renal arteries (L1/L2)
Gonadal arteries (L2)
Inferior mesenteric artery (L3)
Aortic bifurcation (L4)
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200
What does the coeliac trunk supply?
T12 - supplies the foregut
201
What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?
L1 - supplies the midgut
202
What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
L3 - supplies the hindgut
203
What are the 3 main branches of the coeliac trunk (T12)?
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery
204
What does the left gastric artery supply?
Supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach
205
What are the vessels providing inflow into the liver?
Hepatic artery and portal vein
206
What are the vessels providing outflow from the liver?
Hepatic vein
207
Name the function of the hepatic portal vein.
Transports venous blood full of nutrients from the abdominal viscera to the liver.
208
What vessels form the hepatic portal vein.
Superior mesenteric and splenic vein
209
What terminates the splenic vein?
Inferior mesenteric vein
210
What vessel supplies the greater curvature of the stomach?
Left gastro-omental artery
211
What supplies the fundus of the stomach?
Short gastric artery
212
What are the branches of the splenic artery?
Left gastro-omental artery
Splenic branches
Short gastric artery
213
What are the branches of the common hepatic artery?
Hepatic artery proper
Right gastric artery
Gastroduodenal artery
214
What does the hepatic artery proper split into?
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Right and left hepatic arteries (liver)
Cystic artery (gallbladder)
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215
What does the gastroduodenal artery give rise to?
Right gastro-omental artery
216
What is the GI tract made up of?
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Oral cavity
Pharynx (oropharynx and laryngopharynx)
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anal canal
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217
What does the right gastric artery supply?
The right side of the lesser curvature of the stomach
218
Name the branches of the SMA (L1) and what they supply.
Jejunal arteries - supply the jejunum
Ileal arteries - supply the ileum
Ileocolic arteries - supply the ileum, cecum and appendix
Right colic artery - supplies the ascending colon
Middle colic artery - proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon
219
What is the vasa recta and how do you distinguish between the two types?
From the jejunal/ileal vessels into the SI
Jejunal vasa recta = huge big spaces
Ileal vasa recta = smaller spaces
220
Name the branches off the IMA L3.
Left colic artery - distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon
Sigmoid arteries - supply the sigmoid colon
Superior rectal arteries - supply the rectume
221
What is the marginal artery?
Anastomotic vessel
| Shares blood between all the arteries
222
What does the right gastroepiploic artery supply?
Greater omentum
223
What does the left gastroepiploic supply?
Greater curvature
224
What does the portal vein carry?
Venous nutrient rich blood from the abdominal viscera to the liver
225
What makes up the hepatic portal vein?
SMV and splenic vein
226
What does the IMV terminate in?
Splenic vein
227
Name portocaval anastomoses.
Oesophageal varices
Ano-rectal
Caput Medusae
228
Name the lymphatic arrangement of the abdomen.
Epiploic nodes - paracolic nodes - intermediate nodes - preaortic nodes
229
Name the splanchnic nerves. Which innervation are they part of?
Greater splanchnic: T5 to T9
Lesser splanchnic: T10 to T11
Least splanchnic: T12
Sympathetic innervation
230
Which nerves are involved in the parasympathetic innervation?
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Vagus nerve (foregut and midgut)
Pelvic splanchnic nerve (hindgut)
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231
What is the name of the process attached to the pancreas?
Uncinate process
232
Where does the uncinate process drain?
Minor duodenal papilla
233
What drains at the major duodenal papilla?
Bile duct joined with main pancreatic duct
234
What is found at the major duodenal papilla for regulation?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)
