GI Anatomy Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
what are the 4 functions of the upper GI tract (mouth to stomach)?
A
mastication
taste
salivation
deglutition
2
Q
what does the mixing of food with saliva due to mastication enable? (2)
A
taste
digestion
3
Q
what muscle in the face pushed food towards the occulsive surfaces of the teeth?
A
buccinator
4
Q
how many teeth are there?
A
32 (separated into 4 quadrants of 8)
5
Q
what is the temporomandibular joint between?
A
the articulation between the mandibular fossa and the condylar process which joins the temporal bone of the skull and the mandible
6
Q
the TMP ____ to allow movement and slides towards the ____ ____
A
dislocates
articular tubercle
7
Q
the articular disc between the mandibular fossa and the condylar process creates to cavities the ____ and ____
A
superior for translation (gliding)
inferior for rotation
8
Q
the opening of the jaw at the TMJ is controlled by _ muscles of mastication. _ for opening and _ for closing
A
4
1
3
9
Q
what nerve are the muscles of mastication supplied by?
A
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
10
Q
what muscles are involved in closing the jaw? (3)
A
temporalis
masseter
medial pterygoid
11
Q
picture the temporalis muscle. what is it attached to?
A
coronoid process
temporal fossa
12
Q
picture the masseter muscle. what is it attached to?
A
angle of the mandible
zygomatic arch
13
Q
picture the medial pterygoid. what is it attached to?
A
medial side/deep of angle of the mandible
pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone
14
Q
what muscle is involved in opening the jaw?
A
lateral pterygoid
15
Q
picture the lateral pterygoid. what is it attached to?
A
condylar process of the mandible
pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone
16
Q
CN V3 is what division of the vagus nerve?
A
mandibular division
17
Q
CN V3 has which kinds of nerve fibres? (2)
A
sensory and motor
18
Q
CN V3 originates from the _____ and travels through the ______ its motor fibres supply _____ and its sensory fibres supply ______
A
pons
foramen ovale
muscles of mastication
lower third of the face
19
Q
the hard palate is ____ and the soft palate is _____
A
anterior
posterior
(they are also different colours)
20
Q
what closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing? (2)
A
soft palate
uvula
21
Q
what nerve supplies general sensation to the superior half of the oral cavity?
A
CN V2
22
Q
what nerve supplies general sensation to the inferior half of the oral cavity?
A
CN V3
23
Q
which cranial nerve carries the sensory part of the gag reflex?
A
CN IX
24
Q
which cranial nerves carry the motor part of the gag reflex?
A
CN IX and CN X
25
what is the tongue divided into?
posterior 1/3rd
| anterior 2/3rds
26
where is the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue situated?
oropharynx
27
where is the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue situated?
oral cavity
28
what nerve supplies taste and general sensation to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?
CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) for taste and general sensation
29
what nerve supplies taste to the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue?
CNVII (facial nerve)
30
what nerve supplies general sensation to the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue?
CNV3 (mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve)
31
all the papillae of the tongue have taste buds apart from the ______ papillae
filiform
32
name the 4 types of papillae on the tongue
foliate
fungiform
filiform
vallate
33
the extrinsic muscles of the tongue change the _____ of the tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech
position
34
the intrinsic muscles of the tongue change the ____ of the tongue
shape
35
what are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
palatoglossus
styloglossus
hyoglossus
genioglossus
36
all of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue are supplied by CN XII (hypoglossal nerve) apart from which muscle?
palatoglossus (innervated by CN X)
37
what is CN V2?
the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
38
what kind of kind of fibres make up CN V2?
sensory only
39
CN V2 originates from the ____ and travels through the _________
pons
| foramen rotundum
40
what does CN V2 supply sensory innervation to?
the mid-face
41
what is CN IX?
glossopharyngeal nerve
42
what kind of fibres make up the glossopharyngeal nerve? (5)
```
special sensory
sensory
motor
visceral afferents
parasympathetic fibres
```
43
CN IX originates from the ____ and travels through the ________
medulla
| jugular foramen
44
CN IX is the sensory supply to the ________?
posterior wall of the oropharynx
45
CN IX is the secretomotor supply to the ______
parotid gland
46
CN IX supplies sensation and taste to the ________
posterior 1/3rd of the tongue
47
what is CNVII?
facial nerve
48
what kind of fibres make up the facial nerve? (4)
special sensory
sensory
motor
parasympathetic
49
CNVII travels from the ________ junction and then through the ____ bone via the internal ______ then the _______ foramen
pontomedullary
temporal bone
internal acoustic meatus
stylodmastoid foramen
50
what does the CNVII supply? (5)
```
taste to the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue
muscles of facial expression
oribicularis oris
sublingual salivary gland
submandibular salivary gland
```
51
the CNVII nerve splits into 2 branches. one branch supplies _______ and the other branch (________) connects with the CN V__ to supply the _____ and _____ salivary glands
```
muscles of facial expression
chorda tympani
3
sublingual
submandibular
```
52
name the 3 pairs of salivary glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
53
what muscles is the pharynx composed of?
3 circular constrictor muscles (outer)
| 3 longitudinal muscles (inner)
54
the muscles of the pharynx are involuntary/voluntary?
voluntary
55
which cranial nerve are the pharynx muscles innervated by? (bar one which is innervated by CN_)
CN X
palatopharyngeus (one of the longitudinal muscles) is innervated by CN IX
56
what does the action of the 2 muscle layers of the pharynx cause? (2)
elevation of the larynx (closing the laryngeal inlet which prevents aspiration during swallowing)
shortening of the pharynx
(during swallowing and speaking)
57
what is the midline raphe?
the "seam" of the pharynx where all the muscles insert
58
the ________ is the sphincter between the pharynx and the oesophagus at the level of C_
cricopharygeus
| C6
59
where does the oesophagus start and end?
starts at the inferior edge of the cricopharyngeus and ends when it enters the cardia of the stomach
60
what is the nervous supply to the oesophagus?
oesophageal plexus
61
where is the lower oesophageal sphincter?
between the oesophagus and the stomach
62
why is the oesophageal sphincter a physiological instead of anatomical sphincter?
has the action of a sphincter (produced by diaphragm contraction and a difference in pressure between the stomach and abdomen) but shows no anatomical thickening of smooth muscle
63
where are the 3 places the oesophagus is constricted?
cervical constriction
thoracic constriction
diaphragmatic constriction
64
the oesophagus enters the stomach at T__
T10
65
what is the Z-line?
the change from oesophageal mucosa to gastric mucosa
66
what does the pyloric sphincter regulate?
chyme entering the duodenum
67
what does the ileocaecal valve regulate?
flow from the ileum to the caecum (distention of the ileum opens the sphincter distention of the colon closes the sphincter)
68
the internal anal sphincter is made of ___ muscle and the external anal sphincter is made of _____ muscle
smooth
| skeletal
69
what is the cardia?
where the oesophagus connects with the stomach
70
where can a gastric bubble be seen?
the fundus of the stomach
71
what is the purpose of rugae in the stomach?
to enable distension
72
what is the incisura angularis?
the notch/bend in the lesser curvature of the stomach
73
what is the sphincter of Oddi?
the sphincter that controls the flow of digestive juices through the hepatopancreatic ampulla of vater into the duodenum
74
what are the 3 parts that make up the small intestine?
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
75
what 3 parts make up the large intestine?
colon
rectum
anal canal
76
what 6 parts make up the colon of the large intestine?
```
caecum
appendix
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
```
77
what makes up the foregut?
the oesophagus to mid-duodenum
liver and gall bladder
spleen
1/2 of pancreas
78
what makes up the midgut?
mid-duodenum to 2/3rd of transverse colon
| 1/2 of pancreas
79
what makes up the hindgut?
distal 1/3rd of the transverse colon to proximal 1/2 of anal canal
80
what is the peritoneum?
a thin, transparent, semi-permeable, serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity and organs
81
the peritoneum is a ______ membrane made up of ______ and the _______ peritoneum
continuous
parietal
visceral
82
what is the peritoneal cavity and what does it contain?
the space between the visceral and parietal layers of peritoneum. it contains lubricating fluid that reduces the friction of the gut movement
83
what is the peritoneal cavity divided into?
the greater sac
| the lesser sac (omental bursa)
84
what are the 2 features of intraperitoneal organs?
are almost completely covered in visceral peritoneal
| minimally mobile
85
what are the 4 features of intraperitoneal organs with a mesentery?
covered in visceral peritoneum
visceral peritoneum wraps behind the organ to form a double layer (mesentery)
mesentery attaches the organ to the body wall
very mobile
86
what are the 2 features of retroperitoneal organs?
they are situated behind the peritoneum (the retroperitoneum)
only have visceral peritonuem on their anterior surface
87
what are the 9 intraperitoneal organs?
```
Liver
Gall bladder
Stomach
Spleen
1st part of the duodenum
Ileum
Jejunum
Transverse colon
Sigmoid colon
```
88
what are the 7 retroperitoneal organs?
```
Kidneys
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Caecum
Ascending colon
Descending colon
2nd, 3rd and 4th parts of the duodenum
```
89
what are the 3 peritoneal formations?
mesentery
omentum
peritoneal ligaments
90
what is the mesentery?
a formation of a double layer of peritoneum that connects an organ to the posterior abdominal wall
91
mesentery have a core of _______ tissue consisting of (x4 things)
```
connective
blood
lymph vessels and nodes
nerves
fat
```
92
what is the mesentery proper attached to?
the small intestine
93
what are the 2 omentums?
greater omentum
| lesser omentum
94
where does the greater omentum hang from and what does it connect to?
the greater curvature of the stomach and the duodenum and then folds back on itself to attach to the transverse colon
95
what is the lesser omentum connected to?
the lesser curvature of the stomach and the duodenum to the liver
96
what is a key feature of the lesser omentum?
it has a free edge (which the portal triad is contained within)
97
through what do the greater and lesser sacs communicate?
omental foramen (which is located at the free edge of the lesser omentum)
98
what is a peritoneal ligament and what does it do?
A peritoneal ligament is a double-layer of peritoneum which connects an organ with another organ or the body wall
99
Hepatogastric ligament attaches the ______ and the _____ to each other
liver
| stomach
100
what is the hepatoduodenal ligament and what does it contain?
it is the thickened free edge of the lesser omentum and contains the portal triad
101
hepatoduodenal ligament attaches the ______ and the _______ to each other
liver
| duodenum
102
The falciform ligament attaches the _____ to the ____________
liver
| anterior abdominal wall
103
Gastrosplenic ligament attaches the ______ and the _____ to each other
stomach
| spleen
104
Splenorenal ligament attaches the ____and the _______ to each other
spleen
| left kidney
105
what pouches does the inferior part of the peritoneum create in females?
vesico-uterine pouch
| recto-uterine pouch
106
what pouches does the inferior part of the peritoneum create in males?
recto-vesical pouch
107
what kind of nerves supply the visceral peritoneum (and abdominal cavity organs)? (3)
visceral afferents
enteric nervous system
autonomic motor nerves
108
what kind of nerves supply the parietal peritoneum (and abdominal wall)? (3)
somatic sensory nerves
somatic motor nerves
sympathetic nerve fibres
109
where do the abdominal associated sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord?
T5-L2
110
abdominal associated sympathetic nerves synapse at the sympathetic chain (true/false)
false - they do not synapse here
111
what do the abdominal associated sympathetic nerves pass out of the sympathetic chain within?
the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
112
where do abdominal associated sympathetic nerves synapse?
at prevertebral ganglia
113
what are the prevertebral ganglia that abdominal associated sympathetic nerves synapse at? (3)
celiac ganglia
superior mesenteric ganglia
inferior mesenteric ganglia
114
what is a periarterial nerve plexus?
an autonomic plexus that accompanies an artery surrounding it in a network of autonomic nerve fibres
115
what is different about the sympathetic nerves supplying the adrenal gland compared to the sympathetic nerves supplying the rest of the abdominal organs?
they do not synapse at prevertebral ganglia and instead synapse directly onto the cells of the adrenal glands
116
where do the abdominal associated parasympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord?
CNX
| pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,3,4)
117
how does the vagus nerve enter the abdominal cavity?
on the surface of the oesophagus
118
where does the vagus nerve supply parasympathetic innervation to in the GI tract?
up the the border between the midgut and the hindgut
119
where do the pelvic splanchnic nerves supply parasympathetic innervation to in the GI tract?
hindgut
120
where is foregut pain referred to?
epigastric region
| T6-T9 dermatome
121
where is midgut pain referred to?
umbilical region
| T8-T12 dermatome
122
where is hindgut pain referred to?
pubic region
| T12-L2
123
why is appendicitis pain felt as dull and aching then sharper?
The appendix is a midgut organ so the pain is felt in the umbilical region initially (dull and aching)
As the appendix inflames it starts to touch the body wall causing somatic pain (sharp)
124
what are the thoracoabdominal nerves?
intercostal nerves arising from the anterior rami of T7-T11
125
what is the subcostal nerve?
T12 anterior ramus
126
what is the iliohypogastric nerve?
half of L1 anterior ramus
127
what is the ilioinguinal nerve?
the other half of the L1 anterior ramus
128
what nerves supply the abdominal muscles?
```
(somatic motor, somatic sensory and sympathetic)
thoracoabdominal nerves
subcostal nerve
iliohypogastric nerve
ilioinguinal nerve
```
129
what abdominal muscles do the thoracoabdominal nerves supply? (4)
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominus
130
what abdominal muscles does the subcostal nerve supply? (2)
External oblique
| Transversus abdominis
131
what abdominal muscles does the iliohypogastric nerve supply? (2)
Internal oblique
| Transversus abdominis
132
what abdominal muscles does the ilioinguinal nerve supply? (2)
Internal oblique
| Transversus abdominis
133
what quadrant is the liver located in?
right upper quadrant
134
what ribs protect the liver?
7-11
135
where is the gall bladder in relation to the liver?
posterior and inferior
136
the stomach is ____ to the liver
posterior
137
what is bilirubin the by-product of?
red blood cell breakdown
138
peritonitis can result in a collection of pus in which recesses of the peritoneal cavity? (this can then lead to the formation of an abscess)
heptorenal recess (Morrison's pouch)
sub-phrenic recess
139
how many anatomical lobes does the liver have and what are the called?
```
4
right lobe
left lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe
```
140
how many functional segments does the liver have and in what direction are they named?
8
| named in a clockwise direction from the 1st segment in the middle
141
what does each functional liver segment have? (4 things)
hepatic artery branch
hepatic portal vein branch
bile drainage
hepatic vein for venous drainage
142
how many veins come from the liver to enter the IVC?
3
143
what is the 1st midline branch from the aorta?
coeliac trunk
144
what is the arterial supply to the forgut?
coeliac trunk
145
at what vertebrae level does the coeliac artery branch from the aorta?
T12
146
what 3 branches does the coeliac trunk trifurcate into?
splenic artery
left gastric artery
common hepatic artery
147
why is the splenic artery tortuous?
to allow it to stretch when the stomach expands as it runs posterior to the stomach
148
what does the common hepatic artery branch to give?
hepatic artery proper
gastroduodenal artery
right gastric artery
149
the right and left gastric arteries ______
anastomose
150
which artery supplies the spleen?
splenic artery
151
which region of the stomach is the spleen located in?
left hypochondrium
152
what is posterior to the spleen?
diaphragm
153
what is anterior to the spleen?
stomach
154
what is inferior to the spleen?
splenic flexure
155
what is medial to the spleen?
kidney
156
what ribs protect the spleen?
9-11
157
what is the most injured abdominal organ?
the spleen
158
where are red blood cells broken down to produce bilirubin?
spleen
159
what is the major blood supply to the stomach? (2)
gastric arteries
| gastro-omental arteries
160
where do the right and left gastric arteries anastamose?
the junction between the lesser curvature and the lesser omentum
161
where do the right and left gastric arteries anastamose?
the junction between greater curvature and the greater omentum
162
what is the minor blood supply to the stomach? (2)
posterior gastric arteries
| short gastric arteries
163
what is the arterial supply to the liver?
right and left hepatic arteries (which are branches of the hepatic artery proper)
164
what vein drains the foregut to the liver?
splenic vein
165
what vein drains the midgut to the liver?
superior mesenteric vein
166
what vein drains the hindgut to the splenic vein then the liver?
inferior mesenteric vein
167
what is the function of the gallbladder?
to store and concentrate bile
168
what are the 4 parts of the gallbladder?
fundus
body
neck
cystic duct (spiral valve)
169
what artery supplies the gallbladder with blood?
cystic artery
170
the cystic artery is usually a branch of which other artery?
the right hepatic artery
171
where is the cystic artery located?
the cystohepatic triangle of calot
172
what forms the cystohepatic triangle of calot?
the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct
173
what is a cholescystectomy?
the surgical removal of the bladder
174
where is gallbladder pain referred to?
epigastric region
right hypochondrium
right shoulder
175
what is the biliary tree?
a series of ducts that directs the secretions from the liver, gallbladder and pancreas to the duodenum
176
where does the heptopancreatic ampulla of Vater drain into?
2nd part of the duodenum
177
where does the heptopancreatic ampulla of Vater enter the 2nd part of the duodenum?
the major duodenal papillae
178
what enters the duodenum via the minor papillae?
accessory pancreatic duct
179
what are the 4 parts of the pancreas?
head (with uncinate process)
neck
body
tail
180
where does the head of the pancreas sit?
within the curvature of the duodenum
181
what does the tail of the pancreas touch?
the spleen
182
where does duodenal ulcer pain radiate to?
the epigastric region
183
where does pancreatic pain radiate to?
epigastric region
umbilical region
back
184
branches of which midline branches of the aorta supply the duodenum and pancreas? (2)
coeliac trunk
| superior mesenteric artery
185
what arteries anastamose to supply the pancreas and duodenum?
superior and inferior pancreaticduodenal arteries
186
what do the inferior pancreaticduodenal arteries branch from?
the superior mesenteric artery
187
what do the superior pancreaticduodenal arteries branch from?
gastroduodenal artery (from the common hepatic artery which branches from the coeliac trunk)
188
where does the jejunum begin?
the duodenaljejunal flexure
189
where does the ileum end?
ielocaecal junction
190
the jejunum/ileum is darker in colour
jejunum
191
which part of the small intestine has a thinner, lighter walls?
ileum
192
which part of the small intestine is more vascular?
jejunum
193
which part of the small intestine has more mesenteric fat?
ileum
194
which part of the small intestine has lymphoid tissue (Peyer's patches)?
ileum
195
which part of the small intestine has more plicae circularis?
jejunum
196
what supplies the jejunum and ileum with blood and venous drainage?
superior mesenteric artery/vein (via jejunal and ileal arteries/veins)
197
The vessels that supply the jejunum and ileum with blood travel within the ________
mesentery
198
where is fat from digestion returned to the bloodstream?
thoracic duct (as it is absorbed into the lymphatic system via the lacteals in the small intestine)
