GI anatomy Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
name the 4 quadrants that the abdomen is split into
A
Right upper
left upper
right lower
left lower
2
Q
The 2 imaginary lines that are used to divide the abdomen into 4 are
A
transumbilical line (across the belly button) median line (down the middle through belly button)
3
Q
Name the 9 regions of the abdomen
A
Right hypochondriac - epigastric - Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar - umbilical - Left lumbar
Right iliac - hypogastric - Left iliac
4
Q
Name the imaginary lines used to divide the abdomen into 9
A
Right and left midclavicular planes (down each side) transtubercular line (along the bottom below belly button) subcostal line (along top above belly button)
5
Q
External oblique muscle actions and innervation
A
compresses and supports abdominal viscera
innervated by intercostal nerves and subcostal
6
Q
Internal oblique muscle actions and innervation
A
flex and rotate trunk
innervated by intercostal nerves and subcostal nerve
7
Q
Transversus abdominis muscle actions and innervation
A
Compresses and supports abdominal viscera
innervation is first lumbar nerve
8
Q
Rectus abdominus muscle actions and innervation
A
Flexes trunk and depresses the ribs.
innervated by intercostal nerves and subcostal nerves
9
Q
What is the rectus sheath and what is it made up of
A
Aponeurosis - flat tendon
made up of aponeurosis of external and internal oblique
10
Q
How does the sheath differ above and below the umbilicus
A
above - incomplete
below - complete
11
Q
Which thoracic spinal segments enervate the anterior abdominal wall
A
T 7-11
12
Q
At what vertebral level is the umbilicus and why is this a good surface land mark
A
L4 - bifurcation of the aorta
13
Q
The inguinal ligament is attached to which 2 bony points of the hip bone
A
iliac spine and pubic tubercle
14
Q
inguinal canal anterior wall
A
external oblique aponeurosis
15
Q
inguinal canal posterior wall
A
transversals fascia
16
Q
inguinal canal roof
A
transversals fascia
17
Q
inguinal canal floor
A
inguinal ligament
18
Q
deep inguinal ring lies
A
superiorly
19
Q
superficial inguinal ring lies
A
inferiorly
20
Q
branches of the superior and inferior epigastric vessels superiorly
A
interior thoracic artery
21
Q
branches of the superior and inferior epigastric vessels inferiorly
A
exterior iliac artery
22
Q
contents of male inguinal canal
A
spermatic cord
blood vessels
ilio-inguinal nerve
23
Q
contents of female inguinal canal
A
vestigial round ligament of the uterus
blood vessels
ilio-inguinal nerve
24
Q
4 distinct functional layers throughout the GI tract
A
1. Mucosa - made up of 3 layers: epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscular propria 4. serosa (adventitia)
25
Protective mucosa is found where
oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, anal canal
26
secretory mucosa is found where
only in the stomach
27
absorptive mucosa is found where
typical of entire small intestine
28
absorptive/protective mucosa is found where
lines the whole of the large intestine
29
What is the peritoneum
transparent serous membrane that covers body walls and organs
30
What are the 2 subdivisions of peritoneum
Visceral and Parietal
31
What else can the peritoneum form
folds, mesenteries and omen,ligaments - vascular or avascular.
32
what is the peritoneal cavity
Space of capillary thinness between parietal and visceral layers
33
What are the 2 major divisions of the peritoneal cavity (sacs)
Greater sac
| Lesser sac
34
Through which passage do the lesser and greater sac communicate
omental (epiploic) foramen
35
Organs that are intraperitoneal are described as what
completely surrounding by visceral peritoneum
36
Organs that are retroperitoneal are described as what
only covered on their anterior surface and therefore firmly attached to the posterior wall
37
organs that are intraperiotneal
stomach and spleen
38
organs that are retroperitoneal
kidneys and liver
39
What is present in the peritoneal cavity
peritoneal fluid
40
what is the greater omentum
greater curvature of the stomach to transverse colon
41
What is the lesser omentum
lesser curvature of the stomach to liver
42
posterior abdominal wall muscles
illiacus muscle, posts major, quadratus lumborum
43
posterior abdominal wall organs/tubes
diaphragm, kidneys, ascending colon
44
posterior abdominal wall main vessels
IVC and abdominal aorta
45
posterior abdominal wall nerves
subcostal and lumbar plexus
46
3 major openings in the diaphragm
caval, oesophagus, aortic
47
at what vertebral level do these 3 openings occur
T8, T10 and T12
48
What are the 3 main branches of the abdominal aorta which supplies blood to the gut tube within the abdominopelvic cavity
Celiac T12
superior mesenteric L1
inferior mesenteric L3
49
How is the IVC formed in the abdomen
by the union of the common iliac veins
50
Foregut structures
abdominal part of oesophagus and stomach
51
midgut structures
distal part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, caecum
52
hindgut structures
descending colon and sigmoid colon
53
artery supplying the foregut
celiac
54
artery supplying the midgut
superior mesenteric
55
artery supplying the hindgut
inferior mesenteric
56
The portal vein is formed by the union of which 2 major veins
splenic and superior mesenteric
57
List the 4 sites of portocaval anastomosis (communication between portal and systemic venous system) in the body
1. in the distal oesophagus
2. between rectal veins
3. paraumbilical veins
4. bare area of the liver
58
Nerve supply to abdominal viscera: sympathetic
abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
pre vertebral sympathetic ganglia
abdominal aortic plexuses
59
Nerve supply to abdominal viscera: parasympathetic
anterior and posterior vagal trunks (vagus nerve)
| pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,S3 and S4)
60
How is GI secretion affected: parasympathetic:
increased
61
How is GI secretion affected: sympathetic:
decreased
62
how is Peristalsis or GI motility affected: parasympathetic:
stimulation
63
how is Peristalsis or GI motility affected: sympathetic:
inhibitory
64
what happens to Blood vessels: parasympathetic:
vasodilation
65
what happens to Blood vessels: sympathetic:
vasoconstriction
66
Where do the kidneys lie
on the posterior abdominal wall at the level of T12-13 vertebrae
67
What are the 3 main structures entering or leaving the hilum of the kidney
Renal artery
Renal vein
Pelvis of the ureter
68
what is the anatomical location of the suprarenal gland, and what type of gland is it
between superomedial aspects of kidney and crura
| endocrine
69
What are ureters
muscular ducts carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
70
ureter is constricted at 3 places, what are they?
at the junction of the ureters and renal pelvis
ureters cross the brim of the pelvic inlet
during passage through wall of urinary bladder
71
The oesophagus has 3 constrictions - where are they
Cervical
thoracic
diaphragmatic
72
At what vertebral level is the oesophageal opening
T10
73
List the structures that go through the oesophageal opening
Oesophagus
vagus nerve
Branches of the left gastric artery
74
Blood supply to the abdominal part of the oesophagus
branches of left gastric artery
75
venous drainage of the abdominal part of oesophagus
Left gastric vein to the portal venous system
76
Lymphatic drainage of the abdominal part of oesophagus
Left gastric lymph nodes to the celiac lymph nodes
77
where is the cardinal notch located
between the oesophagus and fundus
78
What are the 2 orifices of the stomach
cardinal
| pyloric
79
what are the 2 curvatures of the stomach
Greater
| Lesser
80
What are the 2 surfaces of the stomach
anterior
| posterior
81
What is pyloric sphincter
band of smooth muscle between pylorus and duodenum
82
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter
acts as valve to control flow of partially digested food from stomach to small intestine
83
Lesser omentum extends from where to where
Extends from lesser curvature to liver
84
Greater omentum extends from where to where
extends from greater curvature to spleen
85
what are the gastric rugae formed from
series of ridges from folding of stomach wall
86
in what portions of the stomach are rugae most apparent
pyloric part and along the greater curvature
87
Which sphincter controls the discharge of food from the stomach to the duodenum
pyloric sphincter
88
Stomach lies on several structures in abdominal cavity - what are they
```
left dome of diaphragm
left kidney and suprarenal gland
spleen
pancreas
transverse mesoderm
colon
splenic artery
all form the stomach bed
```
89
What nerve is key in controlling gastric motility
vagus
90
What is the effect of increased vagal stimulation on
1. the pylorus
2. gastric secretion
1. increases the opening
| 2. incarnation secretion
91
Where does the small intestine extends to
extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the ileoecal junction
92
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
93
Which part of the small intestine receives the opening of the bile and pancreatic duct
descending (second) part
94
where is the foregut/midgut boundary in the small intestine
where bile duct enters duodenum
95
How is the 1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum peritonised
1. Retroperitoneal
2. Intraperitoneal
3. Intraperitoneal
96
Which part of the small intestine is the shortest, widest and most fixed part
Duodenum
97
Distinguishing factors of jejunum and ileum in life:
| colour, wall, vascularity, vasa recta, arcades, fat in mesentery, circular folds:
Jejunum - Deeper red, thick and heavy, greater, long, a few large loops, less, large tall and closely packed.
Ileum - Paler pink, thin and light, Less, short, many short loops, more, low and sparse absent in distal part
98
Distinguishing features of the large intestine
Tenia coli
Omental appendices
Haustra
99
How is the large intestine peritonised:
```
Caecum: intraperitoneal
Ascending colon: retroperitoneal
Transverse colon: intraperitoneal
Descending colon: retroperitoneal
Sigmoid colon: retroperitoneal
```
100
Where does the rectum pierce the pelvic floor and what does it become
Pierces at the and-rectal junction and becomes the anal canal which is located in the perineum
101
What is the role of the pelvic floor in maintaining faecal incontinence
the muscles support rectum and urinary bladder
| * rectum and urinary bladder also involved in maintaining faecal incontenence
102
Visceral and somatic innervation of the anal canal differences
```
somatic = sensitive to pain, touch and temp - control voluntary external anal sphincter
visceral = only sensitive to stretching
```
103
The hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments are parts of what
Lesser omentum
104
What is the falciform ligament
Round ligament of the liver
105
How many layers of peritoneum are present in the greater omentum
4 - double folded on itself
106
What function of the greater omentum makes it be called the abdominal policeman
fights intra-abdominal infection
107
what are paracolic gutters
spaces between colon and abdominal wall
108
List 3 abdominal viscera which lie in the free edge of a double layer of peritoneum described as the mesentery
Stomach
Spleen
Transverse colon
109
oesophagus - what type of muscle is the muscularis externa
skeletal
110
oesophagus - what type of muscle is the muscularis mucosae
smooth
111
oesophagus - what kind of epithelium is the surface epithelium
stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium
112
what secretory cells are present in the gastric pits
mucus secreting, chief cells
113
Small intestine - what are the large folds extending into lumen called
pilae circularis
114
What kind of epithelium in small intestine
simple columnar
115
what do goblet cells do
secrete mucus
116
what type of cells are present in the surface epithelium
microvilli
117
where are payer's patches located
within mucosa
118
Where is the transpyloric plane
approx L1 vertebral body - imaginary horizontal plane
119
What structures are present at transpyloric plane?
Neck of pancreas
Second part of duodenum
Pylorus of stomach
hilum of kidneys
120
What is one of the spleens main function
acts as a filter for blood and plays important role in the immune responses of the body
121
How is the spleen peritonised
intraperitoneal (except at hilum)
122
Name the structures in the hilum at the spleen
Splenic artery
splenic vein
lymphatics
123
the tail of which organ is closely related to hilum of spleen
pancreas
124
Functions of the spleen
storage of RBC's
storage of WBC
storage of platelets
phagocytosis
125
Pancreas - exocrine or endocrine
partly exocrine - secrets the digestive pancreatic juice
| partly endocrine - secretes hormones
126
Which vein is formed posterior to the neck of the pancreas
superior mesenteric vein
127
round ligament of the liver is the remnant of which embryological structure
umbilical vein
128
What is the bare area of the liver bare of
peritoneum
129
3 structures present in the porta hepatis
hepatic portal vein
hepatic artery
hepatic duct
130
The extra hepatic biliary apparatus consists of what
```
Right and Left hepatic duct
Common hepatic duct
Gall bladder
Cystic duct
Common bile duct
```
131
Where is bile produced
Liver
132
Where is bile stored
Gall bladder
133
where does bile enter the gut tube
cystic and bile ducts -- duodenum
134
What is the function of bile
contains bile acids - critical for digestion, absorption of fats, and fat soluble vitamins
135
Main histological features of pancreas
islets of langerhans composed of clumps of small poorly stained cells
pure serous acini composed of large strongly stained cells
small lobules surrounded by connective tissue septa
136
Main histological features of liver:
cells are arranged in sheets and converging towards the centre
at the corner of the lobule connective tissue encloses tissue encloses 2-3 portal areas which contain blood vessels and ducts.
137
Spleen - what is the main content of White Pulp
lymphoid aggregation
138
Spleen - what is the main content of Red Pulp
vascular anastomosing cords of cells
139
Which costal cartilage is the surface marking of the gall bladder
7th left costal cartilage
140
Do the liver and spleen move with respiration
yes
141
Which ribs are related to the spleen
Left 9th - 11th
142
Which abdominal plane crosses the pancreas
transpyloric
