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GI Anatomy (&Structure/Function/Histology) Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

External oblique, internal oblique, transverses abdominis

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2
Q

What are the borders of the abdominal cavity?

A

Superior: diaphragm
Posterior: vertebral column
Inferior: pelvic floor
Anterior: abdominal wall

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3
Q

Levels of the abdominal aorta?

A

T12-L4

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4
Q

What is the fibrous band that goes the length of the midline of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Linea alba

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5
Q

Name the retroperitoneal structures

A

Suprarenal glands, aorta & IVC, duodenum (2+3), pancreas, ureter, colon (ascending+descending), kidneys, oesophagus, rectum

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6
Q

What are the greater and lesser sacs connected by?

A

Epiploic foramen

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7
Q

Where does the greater omentum go from and to?

A

From greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon

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8
Q

Where does the lesser omentum go from and to?

A

From the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

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9
Q

What vertebral level does the celiac trunk arise from?

A

T12

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10
Q

What vertebral level does the SMA arise from?

A

L1

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11
Q

What vertebral level does the IMA arise from?

A

L3

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12
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Controls discharge of stomach contents

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13
Q

Name the stomach bed components

A

Diaphragm, splenic artery, pancreas, transverse colon

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14
Q

Name the components of the portal triad

A

Bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery

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15
Q

What ribs does the liver lie deep to?

A

7-11

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16
Q

Where is the Triangle of Calot?

A

Between the common hepatic duct, cystic duct and visceral surface of the liver

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17
Q

What is formed behind the neck of the pancreas?

A

Portal vein

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18
Q

What ribs is the spleen related to?

A

9-11

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19
Q

What are the main branches of the celiac trunk?

A

Left gastric artery, common hepatic artery, splenic artery

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20
Q

Where does the splenic artery run?

A

Retroperitoneally along the superior edge of the pancreas

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21
Q

Where does the left gastric artery run?

A

Along the lesser curvature of the stomach

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22
Q

What is the shortest, widest and most fixed part of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum

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23
Q

Where does bile enter the duodenum?

A

Major duodenal papilla (Ampulla of Vater)

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24
Q

What crosses the SMA anteriorly?

A

Splenic vein and neck of pancreas

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25
What features distinguish the large intestine from the small intestine?
Haustra (sacculations), omental appendices, teniae coli
26
What is the most common position of the appendix?
Retrocecal
27
What is the site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis?
Macburney's point
28
What is the terminal branch of the IMA?
Superior rectal artery
29
Where is the recto-sigmoid junction?
Anterior to S3 vertebra
30
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the abdominal organs?
Vagus nerve and pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,3+4)
31
What is the sympathetic innervation of the abdominal organs?
Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves, prevertebral sympathetic ganglia and abdominal aortic plexus
32
What forms the portal vein?
Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
33
Where is the portal vein?
Behind the neck of the pancreas (L2)
34
What are portocaval shunts?
Venous enlargements (varices) during portal obstruction
35
Where are the sites of porto-systemic anastomoses?
Anorectal junction, gastroesophageal junction, around the umbilicus
36
Where receives most of the lymph from the abdominal wall and organs?
Thoracic duct
37
What are the three terminal groups of the lumbar nodes?
Pre-aortic, lateral aortic, retro-aortic
38
What do the pre-aortic lumbar nodes drain?
Celiac, SMA and IMA nodes (organs supplied by anterior branches of the aorta)
39
What do the lateral aortic lumbar nodes drain?
Organs supplied by lateral aortic branches
40
What do the retro-aortic lumbar nodes drain?
Posterior abdominal wall
41
What are the four distinct layers of the gut tube?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa/adventitia
42
What makes up the mucosa?
Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
43
What are the two layers of muscle in the muscularis mucosae?
Inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer
44
What type of epithelium is in the mouth, oesophagus and anal canal?
Stratified squamous
45
What type of epithelium is in the stomach, small and large intestine?
Simple columnar
46
What is the connective tissue on the outside of the peritoneal cavity?
Adventitia
47
What is the connective tissue on the inside of the peritoneal cavity?
Serosa
48
What does the inner circular layer of muscle do?
Constricts lumen
49
What does the outer longitudinal layer of muscle do?
Shortens tube
50
Which layer of muscle constricts the gut tube?
Inner circular
51
Which layer of muscle shortens the gut tube?
Outer longitudinal
52
What is the nerve plexus between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers?
Myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus
53
What makes up the enteric nervous system?
Submucosal and myenteric plexuses
54
Which part of autonomic control gives long reflexes?
Parasympathetic
55
Which part of autonomic control gives short reflexes?
Enteric nervous system
56
What type of control is the vagus nerve?
Parasympathetic
57
What does the vagus nerve do?
Increases secretion and increases motility
58
Which nerve increases secretion and increases motility?
Vagus nerve
59
Where does sympathetic control come from?
Splanchnic nerve
60
What do the splanchnic nerves do?
Decrease secretion and decrease motility
61
What nerves decrease secretion and decrease motilty?
Splanchnic nerves
62
Where does the celiac trunk supply?
Foregut (stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver)
63
Where does the SMA supply?
Midgut (small intestine, caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon 2/3rds)
64
Where does the IMA supply?
Hindgut (transverse colon 1/3rd, sigmoid colon, rectum)
65
Where does the pancreas drain to?
Splenic vein
66
Where does the stomach drain to?
Gastric veins
67
Where do the SMV and IMV drain to?
Hepatic portal vein
68
How long is the oesophagus approximately?
25cm
69
Where does the oesophagus begin and end?
Begins at lower level of cricoid cartilage (C6) | Terminates at T11-12 where is enters the stomach
70
What kind of muscle is the oesophagus?
Upper 3-4cm = striated muscle | Remainder = smooth muscle
71
What is epithelium of the oesophagus?
Stratified squamous
72
What is peristalsis and relaxation of the LOS mediated by (nerve)?
Vagus nerve
73
How long is the small bowel approximately?
6m
74
How is the 1st part of the duodenum peritonised?
Retroperitoneal
75
What is the large bowel divided into?
``` Caecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum ```
76
Which parts of the large bowel are retroperitoneal?
Ascending and descending colon
77
How is the last 1/3 of the rectum peritonised?
Extraperitoneal
78
What are the 3 cell types found in the small bowel?
Goblet cells Columnar absorptive cells Endocrine cells
79
The large bowel has numerous villi - true or false?
False
80
What is neural control for peristalsis?
Intrinsic (myenteric plexus) | Extrinsic (autonomic innervation)
81
What is the instrinic neural control which mediates peristalsis in the bowels?
Myenteric plexus
82
What is the extrinsic neural control which mediates peristalsis in the bowels?
Autonomic innervation
83
What is the myenteric plexus made up of?
Meissener's plexus | Auerbach plexus
84
Where is Meissener's plexus located?
Base of the submucosa
85
Where is Auerbach's plexus located?
Between the inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layers of the muscular propria
86
What is the dual blood supply to the liver?
Portal vein | Hepatic artery
87
What are the main functions of the liver?
Protein synthesis Metabolism of fat and carbohydrate Detoxification of drugs and toxins
88
What are the 3 constrictions of the oesophagus and where are they?
Cervical - 15cm from incisor teeth Thoracic - crossed by rich of arch/left main bronchus Diaphragmatic - passes through oesophageal hiatus
89
What do the biliary ducts do?
Carry bile from liver to gallbladder
90
Where is bile produced?
Liver
91
Where is bile stored and concentrated?
Gall bladder
92
What is the artery of the gallbladder?
Cystic artery
93
Where is the cystic artery?
In the Triangle of Calot
94
How is the pancreas peritonised?
Retroperitoneal
95
Which plane does the pancreas lie alone?
Transpyloric plane
96
At what level is the transpyloric plane?
L1
97
Which part of the spleen is not covered by peritoneum?
Hilum
98
Which is deeper red and more vascular: jejunum or ileum?
Jejunum
99
Which is pale pink: jejunum or ileum?
Ileum
100
Which has few large loops and few lymphoid nodules: jejunum or ileum?
Jejunum
101
Which has many short loops and many lymphoid nodules: jejunum or ileum?
Ileum
102
What are the main branches of the SMA?
Jejunal and ileal arteries
103
What are the main branches of the IMA?
Left colic, sigmoid arteries and superior rectal
104
How long is the inguinal canal?
4cm
105
What are the contents of the inguinal canal in males?
Spermatic cord, ilioinguinal nerve, blood/lymphatic vessels
106
What are the contents of the inguinal canal in females?
Round ligament of the uterus, ilioinguinal nerve, blood/lymphatic vessels

GI (6 decks)

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