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GI Physiology (&Immunology) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main monosaccharides (hexose sugars)?

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

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2
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Two monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bond

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3
Q

What type of bond links two monosaccharides together?

A

Glycosidic bond

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4
Q

What is lactose made up of?

A

Glucose and galactose

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5
Q

What is sucrose made up of?

A

Glucose and fructose

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6
Q

What is maltose made up of?

A

Glucose and glucose

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7
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, cellulose, glycogen

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8
Q

What are glucose monomers linked by alpha-1, 4 glycosidic bonds hydrolysed by?

A

Amylases

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9
Q

What do amylases hydrolyse?

A

Glucose monomers linked by alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

What are glucose monomers linked by in cellulose?

A

Beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds

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11
Q

What glucose monomers linked by in glycogen?

A

Alpha,1-4 glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

What polysaccharide does alpha-amylase not work on?

A

Cellulose (B-1,4 glycosidic bonds)

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13
Q

Where is the brush border of a cell?

A

Apical membrane

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14
Q

What is the pathway that goes between cells called?

A

Paracellular pathway

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15
Q

Epithelial transport processes need a minimum of how many transporters?

A

Two transporters

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16
Q

Why do epithelial transport processes need two transporters?

A

One at apical membrane and one at basolateral membrane

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17
Q

Which membrane is Na-K ATPase expressed in?

A

Basolateral membrane

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18
Q

What do you need for SGLT1 to work?

A

Glucose and Na

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19
Q

What is the blood glucose concentration normally?

A

~5mmol/L

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20
Q

What transporter transports glucose out of the cell?

A

Glut-2

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21
Q

What type of junction is permeable to water in the small intestine?

A

Tight junctions

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22
Q

What else does SGLT1 transporter apart from glucose?

A

Galactose

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23
Q

What condition can mutation of the SGLT1 gene cause?

A

Glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome

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24
Q

What does SGLT1 not transport?

A

Fructose

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25
What transporter transports fructose across the apical membrane in the small intestine?
Glut-5
26
Which transporter helps fructose exit the cell?
Glut-2
27
Why is there no water transport across the cell with fructose transport?
No Na involved
28
What are polymers of amino acids linked together by?
Peptide bonds
29
What enzymes hydrolyse peptide bonds in proteins?
Proteases
30
What enzymes hydrolyse peptide bonds in peptides?
Peptidases
31
Where does an endopeptidase work?
On an amino acid in the interior of the protein
32
Where does an exopeptidase work?
On a terminal amino acid on a protein
33
What is essential for transport of an amino acid entering a cell?
Na
34
Is sodium dependent for an amino acid leaving a cell?
No
35
What kind of peptides does PepT1 transport?
Di- and tripeptides
36
What is almost all ingested fat in the form of?
Triacyglycerol
37
Where does fat digestion take place and by what??
Small intestine | Pancreatic lipase
38
What is glucose transport dependent on?
Na-K ATPase (sodium-potassium pump)
39
What molecule is the primary driver for water uptake in the water?
Glucose
40
How is protein transported across membranes?
Proton-coupled transport through PepT1 - dipeptide goes in with H ion, H ion recycled using
41
What takes one sodium ion in as it ejects one hydrogen ion? (protein transport)
NHE3
42
Lipase is water-soluble - true or false?
True
43
Triacylglycerols are water-soluble - true or false?
False
44
What are the fatty tails that make up tricylglycerol?
Stearic acid x 3
45
What digests fat?
Pancreatic lipase
46
Why is digestion of fat slow?
Lipase only acts on outside of tricylglycerol as it is water-soluble and tricylglycerol is insoluble
47
What is emulsification?
Dividing large lipid droplets into smaller droplets
48
Why is emulsification important?
Increases surface area and accessibility to lipase action
49
What is an emulsifying agent?
Prevents small droplets reforming into large droplets
50
How does emulsification work in the stomach?
Mechanical disruption of large lipid droplets into small droplets
51
What are the emulsifying agents?
Bile salts and other phospholipids
52
What type of molecules are bile salts and other phospholipids?
Amphiphatic molecules
53
What are amphiphatic molecules?
Lipid molecules in cell membranes have a hydrophilic or polar end and a hydrophobic or nonpolar end
54
What do micelles do?
It is a transporter, gets lipids close to enough to help them through membrane
55
What are micelles made up of?
Bile salt + monoglycerides + fatty acids + phospholipids
56
Are micelles absorbed?
No - they are relatively big
57
What happens after the fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the epithelial cells?
Enter smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) where they are reformed into triacylglycerols
58
What happens to the triacylglycerol droplets in epithelial cell?
Transported through cell in vesicles, processed through Golgi apparatus and exocytosed into extracellular fluid at serial membrane
59
What are the extracellular fat droplets called?
Chylomicrons
60
What do chylomicrons pass into?
Lacteals
61
Where are lacteals?
Between endothelial cells
62
What are fat soluble vitamins?
A,D,E,K
63
What are water soluble vitamins?
B group, C and folic acid
64
How are water soluble vitamins absorbed?
Either absorbed by passive diffusion or carrier-mediated transport
65
How is vitamin B12 absorbed?
Binds to intrinsic factor in stomach to form complex which is absorbed via specific transport mechanism in distal ileum
66
What happens if you have B12 deficiency?
Pernicious anaemia
67
How much daily ingested iron is absorbed across intestine into blood?
10%
68
What is the transporter for iron?
DMT1
69
What are iron ions incorporated into in duodenal enterocytes?
Ferritin
70
What does iron in blood bind to?
Transferrin
71
What does it mean for iron in hyperaemia?
Increased ferritin levels -> more iron bound in enterocytes
72
What does it mean for iron in anaemia?
Decreased ferritin levels -> more iron released to blood
73
What is vitamin B12 critical in?
Maturation of RBCs
74
What colour is faeces in excess iron?
Black

GI (6 decks)

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