GI diseases pt 1 Flashcards

Question

What are esophageal varices + s/s and etiology?

Answer 1

varicose (enlarged) veins that develop in esophagus i pt with underlying portal hypertension and may result in serious upper GI bleeding s/s r preceding retching, dyspepsia atributable to alcoholic gastritis or withdrawal, acutal varices ahve no symptoms until rutpture cause massive hemorrhage in which pt experiences hematemesis or melena and signs of hypovolemic shock mainly affects thosewho abuse alc and ppl with liver cirrhosis (cirrhosis is chief cause) caused by increased pressure within veins

Answer 2

destruction and scarring of tissue from cirrhosis impaires blood flwo through liver which elevates pressure in the veins of the abd and esophagus = esopphageal vins dilate and become knotting (may hemorrhage)

Answer 3

diagnosis - radiographic exam, endoscopy (particularly esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (EGD)) treat - may try meds and surgery (endoscopic scleortherapy and ligatin of vleeding varices and emergency portal decompression) but prognosis for esophageal varices is poor

Answer 4

inflammation of the lining of the esophagus risk factors r old age, obesity, and pregnancy main s/s r heartburn after eating/ drinking, vomitting of blood and reflux corrosive esophagitis is severe inflammation of esophagus resulting from ingestion of caustic chemical (alkali or acid) or causes tissue damage most often cause is reflux of acid content of stomach resultingfrom a defect of LES

Answer 5

gastroesophageal reflux disease clinical manifestions of regurgitation fo stomach and duodenal content into esophagus, frequently at night (mild episodes = hearburn) may be caused by incompetent cardiac sphincter, hiatal hernia, meds that inhibit sphincter or induce excess acid secretion, weight gain diagnose with Barium swallow, esopagoscopy or esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and biopsy treat - elevating head of bead abt 6 in using multiple pillows, light evening meal 4 hous before bedtime, antacids, wt loss, histamine 2 receptor antagonist, ranitidine or famotidine or proton pump inhibitor, inhibit acid secretion and alllows for healing of espohagus, antireflux surgery

Answer 6

diagnose - history, s/s, barium fluoroscopy, measure esopahgeal pH and/or EGD treatment - nonirritating diet, antacids, acid reducing meds, sleep with head elevated, avoid eating 2-3 hours before sleeping

Answer 7

defect of diaphragm that allows protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm at the point where the esophagus joins the stomach either congenital defect or increased intra-abd pressure associated with obesity LES malfunctions and allows contents of stomach to be regurgitated into esophagus which can irritate lining of esophaus causing: may have indigestion, heartburn, SOB, difficulty swallowing, chest pain

Answer 8

dianose - chest xray or EGD, barium radiographic studies, endoscopy, measurement of reflux pH and examination of reflux contents in blood treat - aim to reduce symptoms using cholinergic drugs (strengthen cardiac sphincter and reduce reflux after eating), avoiding irritants like spicy foods and caffeine, frequent small meals, lose weight, aboid increasing intraabdominal pressure, avoid lying down for 4 houyrs after meal, elevating head of bed may need surgery but hiatal hernias usually come back after surgery

Answer 9

inflammation of lining of the stomach frequently accompanines by vomiting of blood acute gastritis can be caused by aspirin, excessive coffee, tobacco, alc or infection, H. pylori, mechanical injury, stress, allergic reaction to foods s/s r epigastric pain, indigestion, feeling of fullness after meals, nausea, bleching, fatty food intolerance (= loss of appetite), inflamed and swollen gastric mucosa, bleed and blood can be seen in pt vomit and stool

Answer 10

acute alchoholism (chronic alc use stimulates acid secretion = irritating mucoosa)

Answer 11

diagnose - EGD w/ biopsy, gastroscopy, blood counts and serum tests, fecal occult blood test treat - curing H. pylori infection w/ antibiotics, avoiding known irritants and treating infections, may need meds to block gastric secretion and/ or surgery if bleeding, antacids, monitor and treat with meds to contrict bv if they habe bleeding, antiemetics, bland diet, vitamin and mineral supplements

Answer 12

degenerative condition in which the stomach lining does not secrete intrinsic factor (needed for absorption of B12) and hydrochloric acid (protein digestion) little can be done to treat this disease

Answer 13

stomach cancer, chronic alcoholism, or chronic exposure to certain irritants such as alcohol, aspirin, and certain foods

Answer 14

lesions of stomach and small intestine where necrotic (dead) tissue forms in mucous membrane as a result of inflammation and is sloughed off, leaving a hole stomach ulcers - gastric ulcers small intestines - duodenal ulcers most common peptic ulcer is duodenal ulcer

Answer 15

80 most frequent in men between ages 20 and 50

Answer 16

1. infection with Helicobacter pylori 2. use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 3. inherited disorder of excessive acid secretion 4. pepsin, hydrochloric acid of stomach, intestinal juice and bile irritate gastric mucosa = nectrotic

Answer 17

- 1st signs r heartburn and indigestion and epigastric pain that is described as gnawing, dull, aching or hunger like - uncomfy fullness after eating = avoid eating = loss of wt and predispotion to dehydration - pain from hydrochloric acid on exposed surface of lesion (intensified by peristalsis) - nausea, vomiting, abd pain, massive GI bleeding (in some cases) - occult b (hidden) or frank (obvious) blood is found in vomitus or stool - if lesion invades deeply and perforates, causing hemorrhage and leakage of content of stomach or intestine into abdominal caivty - pt may be observed guarding painful area by clutching the somtach, frequnt eating helps ands most intense pain after 2 hr after meal - complication is hemorrhage

Answer 18

bloody vomitus, a possible complication of ulcer, if it hits an artery or blood appears in stool (called melena)

Answer 19

perforation, where ulcer breask through intestinal or gastric wall = sudden and intense abd pain immediate surgical repair is needed

Answer 20

inflammation of the lining of the abd cavity usually results when digestive contents enter cavity bc it contains numerous bacteria s/s r paralytic ileus, hyperemic and edematous as fluid accumulates in peritoneal, causing abscess and adhesions, profuse sweating, abdominal pain, N&V, weakess, fever and abd tenderness, distention, examinatio nof abd reveal tenderness to direct touch and rebound caused by primary infection by bloodborme organims or organisms originiating in GI or genital tract or secondary if source of infeciton is conatmination by GI secretions resulting from perforation of GI tract or intrabdominal organs, noninfective secreitons can cause aseptic peritonitis, bacterial invasion

Answer 21

diagnose - test for H. Pylori, endoscopy, xray detection of blood in stool, blood test for elevated levels of white blood cells and Hgb and reduced Hct, gastric content analysis, barium radiography of upper GI tract t odetect abn appearance and function, upper GI tract endoscopy, buiopsy, serum albumin and transferrin level

Answer 22

treatment is aimed at promoting healing, prevent complications and recurrences and provide pain relief meds - acid reducers (more effective than antacids and mucosal barriers) and antibiotics to eradicate H. Pylori and reduce rate of ulcer relapse (ex r H2 receptory blocking agents to control gastric secretion) coating agents to protect mucosa and PPIs, to supress secretion of gastric acid)

Answer 23

inflammation of the stomach and intestines

Answer 24

anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea abrupt w/ rapid loss of fluid and electrolytes presence of mucus, pus, blood in stool common syndrome of gastroenteritis called traveler's diarrhea (characterized by vary degrees of anorexia, abd crampings, frequent loose stools, nausea and profuse vomiting, fever, weakness) if viral then called sotmach flu (chemical or food poisoning, allegic reactions to food and some drug reactions)

Answer 25

(when normal bacterial flora, acid secretions and by healthy motility of GI tract fail to get rid of: bacterial or viral infections (in travler's diarrhea it's from contaminated food or water) chemical toxins lactose intolerance or other food allergy

Answer 26

replaces fluid and nutritional requirements, including the lost salts. Antispasmodic medications can control the vomiting and diarrhea + antidiarrheal and antiemetic

Answer 27

food contaminated with human or animal feces may microrganisms

Answer 28

normally found in human or animal inestines can cause diseases like traveler's diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome in which toxins cause potentially fatal sutdown of kideny

Answer 29

bacteria invades intestinal mucosa causes sudden, colicky abd pain, nausea, vomiting and sometimes blood diarrhea and fever after 6-48 hrs for 2 weeks identified with stool culture associated with contaminated eggs and poultry

Answer 30

replenishing water, electrolytes, and nutrients may need antibiotics and antidiarrheal medications

Answer 31

sign not disease protective response to presence of irritant, infection, distention or blockage which send message to medulla which tell diaphragm and abd muscles to squeeze stomach which opens spinchter for gastric content to be regurgitated

Answer 32

malignant tumor of the stomach tissue accountrs for less than 1% of all cancers 9th leading cause of cancer in men (more prevalent among men over age 40 than among women) h. pylori infection increases risk through damagin mucosal cells jpan has highest incidience og gastric cancer in world (H. pylori s a known carcinogen, barret esophagus i main risk factor + diet high in salt, smoking, previous gastric surgery, prior abdn radiation exposure, genetic predisposition, history of gastric ulcer)

Answer 33

may project into lumen or invade stomach wall either way, lumen narrows to point of obstruction so remainder of stomach becomes extremely dilated and pain results from pressure on nerve endings

Answer 34

bc pain isnt early symptom it takes a while to diagnose early s/s r loss of appetite, heartburn, general stomach distress, blood in vomit or feces, pernicious anemia gastric mucosa fiails to secrete intrinsic factors, wt loss, persistent abd pain, nausea, dysphagia, melena, anorexia

Answer 35

unknown but related to consumption of preserved, salted, cured foods and a diet low in fresh fruits and vegetables

Answer 36

EGD, gastric analysis by means of a stomach tube to determine absence of hydrochloric acid (achlorhydria), biopsy, CT, EUS, laparoscopy

Answer 37

- erosion of tissue - inflammtation - nfection - benign and malignant tumors - obstruction - interference with blood or nerve supply - malnutrition - malabsorption syndrome

Answer 38

- decrease in saliva production - may be caused by dehyradtioon, meds (prescription or OTC), or less often by Sjogren disease

Answer 39

- peridontal disease and increase in systemic of cross-reactive protein have been recognzed as risk factors for CV disease 9arteriosclerosis), diabetes, pancreatic cancer

Answer 40

1) enamel 2) dentin 3) pulp 4) gingiva (gum) 5) cementum 6) periodontal tissue 7) nreve 8) artery and vein 9) root 10) crown

Answer 41

1) enamel 2) dentin 3) pulp 4) gingiva (gum) 5) cementum 6) periodontal tissue 7) nreve 8) artery and vein 9) root 10) crown

Answer 42

- loss of permanent teeth can alter bite (how teeth come together = occlusion), can lead to jaw pain called temproomandibular joint diosrder, bolting (inadequate chewing), digestive distrubances (gastritis or constipation) and loss of nutrient value of food - 4 main caues: dental decay (mostly from periodontal disease in adults), tooth loos from age or dental injury, congenitally missing, or impacted and prevented from erpting by the root of an adjacemnt tooth - diagnose with oral exam and radiographs - treat with placement or permanent or reovable prosthetis or dental implant

Answer 43

- loss of permanent teeth can alter bite (how teeth come together = occlusion), can lead to jaw pain called tempromandibular joint diosrder, bolting (inadequate chewing), digestive distrubances (gastritis or constipation) and loss of nutrient value of food - 4 main caues: dental decay (mostly from periodontal disease in adults), tooth loos from age or dental injury, congenitally missing, or impacted and prevented from erpting by the root of an adjacemnt tooth - diagnose with oral exam and radiographs - treat with placement or permanent or reovable prosthetis or dental implant

Answer 44

- aka wisdom teeth (lasth teeth in back of mouth) - is malpositioned and can become impacted (pressed together) and cause pain by preventing normal eruption - wisdom teeth begin developing btwm 8 an 10 and emerge betwn 17 and 21 (in some ppl one or more of these teeth nerve erupt) - no s/s util wisdom teeth erupt and bc they r in back of mouth they are difficult to clean, resulting in decay and pain - they become impacted when they dont have enough room to reupt bc bone structure or adjacemtn teeth block eruption, sometime they erupt in an angle, creating a spae in which food can become trapped - diagnose with radiographic studies to determine positio nand examination - most likley antibiotic to clear up infection, analgesics, and surgical extraction

Answer 45

- aka dental decay - infection resulting in erosion of the tooth surface - caused by bacteria in mouth breaking down sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose, lactose, simple carbs) in food and converting them into acid plaque which erodes calcium in tooth's enamel (demineralization), causing formation of cavity, it can also be caused by other disorder such as stomach acid from GERD, episodes of purging in bulimia - diagnose with examination and radiographs to determine extent - treatment with removing disease portion and filling cavity with dental amalgam composite materia, can do root canal procedure (infected pulp tissue is removed and then canals in roots of tooth r filled, treated with antibiotics) or tooth extraction which is replaced with a dental impant

Answer 46

- first manifest as white spot on tooth, accompanies with mild toothache, hypersensitivity to sweets and temp extremes in foods or beverages, if left untreated then unpleasant taste in mouth from accumulation of food and bacteria, eventually pulp of gum becomes inflamed, persistent pain, stabbing pain in jaw, tooth continues to decay, an abscess may form

Answer 47

- colors of teeth range from slight yellow to brown and gray, some have brown spots, patches and dark lines - caused by aging, smoking, death tooth, red wine, coffee, tea, foods such as blueberrues, certain drugs in large quantiites uring childhood, antibacterial mouthways, severe attacks of pertusis (whooping cough) and measles in children, naturally occuring fluoride in excessive amouts - diagnose with oral exam, history for illnesses, meds and trauma - treat depend if discoloration is superficial or deep, if superficial remove or reduced by polishing with rotatrry polisher, deeper discoloration is treated by dentist-provided bleaching, capping, crowning, cosmetic whitening

Answer 48

- inflammation and swelling the gum - gums r normally pale pink and firm become red, soft and skinny, bleed easily, even w/ gentle tooth brushing - if gingivitis is not treated it leads to destruction of gums and periodontitis and can cause loss of healthy teeth - it's the second most common cause of toothache - diagnosed with symptoms - treat with removal of plaque and calculus, antibacterial mouthwash, local anesthesia to thoroughly clean teeth and exposed teeth roots (procedure called root planing and subgingival curettage)

Answer 49

- common cause of gingivitis is plaque (sticky deposit of muscle, food particles, and bacteria that builds up from incorrect technique when brushing or flossing) - as gums become swollen, plaques cause a pocket to form btwn gums and teeth where food gets trapped - other causes r vitamin deficiencies, glandular disorders, blood diseases, viral infections, use of certain meds

Answer 50

- aka periodonal disease - destructive gum and bone disease around 1 or more teeth - periodontitis is the end result of gingivitis that was treated too late or not at all - pockets that form btwn teeth and gums in gingivitis gradually deepen, exposing root where plaque develop and = halitosis (more sensitive tto temp extremes in foods, pain while chewing and absecess) - caused by plaque biofilm and unchecked gingivitis which is result of poor oral hygein and lack of professional dental periodontal care (factors include smoking, certain meds, chemo, diabetes, HIV infection, stress, poor nutrrition, hormonal meds and prgenancy)

Answer 51

diagnose - to determine stage meaure depth of pockets and radiographs (rveals condition of underlying bone) treat - conservative treatment including thorough cleaning of root surfaces of teeth (procedure called scaling and root planin SRP) and curettage), multiple daily session of brushing and flossing of teeth, antibiotic, periodontal surgery (called respective periodontal surgery, requires dentist to trim the gum to reduce depth of pockets and to remove any damaged bone, may graft bone and/or gum tissue)

Answer 52

- specific angles of malposition and contact of maxillary and mandibular teeth - relationship of upper and lower teeth when mouth is closed to called occlusion or bite; faulty bite is called malocclusion - signs of malocclusion include protrusion or recession of jaws and teeth that r turned or twisted out of position because of crowding - generally from genetic, could be from oral habits (thumb/ finger sucking), airway problems (deviated septae, enlarged tonsil or allergies) - diagnose with visual exam and radiographic studes - treat with bracs, extractio nof one or more teeth, surgcial removal of portion of jaws , combining crowns or bridges

Answer 53

- symptom complex related to inflammation, disease or dysfunction of tempromandibular joint (TMJ) - synovial joints btwn condyles of mandible and temproal bone is known as temporomandibular joints - caused by unbalanced activity of jaw muscle (including bruxism (grinding of teeth), malocclusion, poorly fitting dentures, rheumatoid, degenerative or traumatic arthritis, and neoplastic disease, emotional stress (with accompanying clenching and grindign of teeth and habitual gum chewing)

Answer 54

- draining sensation may be present in one or both ears - deafness - sinus pain from muscle pain from superior or deep masseters - jaw movment is markedly limited - pt hearing clicked sounds during chewing or expieriences severe pain or aching in or around the ear and jaw joints and pain si worse iwth chewing - pain and limitation of movmeemtn can be unilateral but is uusally bilateral with 1 side feeling more pain - headache - dizziness - feeling of pressure - tinnitus - prevents adequate cleaning of teeth and treatment of cavity - prevent making of dentures, crowns or implants bc of inability to take impressions

Answer 55

diagnose - oral exam, pt history, radiographic studies, CT< MRI, history of previosus trauma to jaw or fractured facial bones, assessment of child or elder abuse treatment - aimed at cause of condition or disease, immobilization of mandible, NSAIDs, special applicances to prevent them from grinding their teeth, splint to better align jaw, intraarticular injections of hydrocortisone, adjust occlusion by grinding surfaces of teeth, orhtrodontic and/or comprehensive restorative dental care, physical therapy, strtess counseling, use of muscle relaxants, TMJ arthroscopy, joint restructure and joint replacement

Answer 56

- pus-filled sac that develops in tissue surrounding base of root - aches or throbs persistently and can be exremely painful when biting and chewing food, glands in neck and face on affected side may become swollen and tender, fever also can evelop, along with a feeling of general malaise - forms when a tooth is decayed or dying or when tooth structure loss, exposes dental nerve to bacteria from the mouth

Answer 57

diagnose - based on s/s and swelling in neck or face must be treated immediately treat - antibiotic therapy, root canal therapy (entails removal of infected dental pulp and cleanising, shaping and definitive filling of root canal system of tooth), restorative procedures such as dental crown or filling, r requried to seal root canal system from oral environment, apicectomy (incision in gum and remove bone that covers the tip of root and infected tissue)

Answer 58

for aphthous ulcers no viral cause but also rsult of mechanical trauma (braes, excessive brushing, etc.), viral and bacterial infections, stress, illness, r certain meds used in chemo (may be first sign of tumro in mouth, anemia, or leukemia)

Answer 59

diagnose - blood tests, biopsy treat - antiseptic mouthwashes, rinsing with war salt water, avoiding spicy or acidic foods and hot foods or drinks, topical analgesics such as benzocaine and soothign agents to reduce painful irritation, steroid mouthwash and topical ororal antivral agents

Answer 60

- develop on lips and inside mouth - producing painful ulcers that last a few hours or days - exposure to strong sun, wind, stress, nicotine, and stimulants (caffeine and chocolate) - ulcers also can form on the gums, causing them to become red and swollen - tingling and numbness around the mouth precede their appearance (prodrome) followed by appearance of vesicles (blisters), their rupture and scabbing and finally healing of scabs (pathogenesis can often last 14 days)

Answer 61

- formerly called acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (trench mouth) - common infection affecting gums and anchoring structure of teeth - rare, painful ulceration and disease of gums, particularly betwen teeth and is smoetiems called Vincet angina - primary symptom is painful, red, swollen gums with ulcers that bleed (can apear grayis in areas of decomposing tissue, metallic taste in mouth and bad breath, fever and enlarged lymph nodes) - caused by necrotizing periodontal disease, results from poor oral hygience and bacteiral infection secondary to gingivitis - most often association with HIV/AIDS, stress, poor nutrition, throat infections, smoking and serious illnesses such as leukemia - diagnose with throat culture and blood work - threat with antibiotics and hydrogen peroxide mouthwash (may do minor surgery called gingivectomy)

Answer 62

- hyperkeratosis or epidermal thickening of buccal mucosa, palate or lower lip - s/s r leukoplakia (white plaque) is thickening and hardening of a part of mucous membrane in mouth, first asymptomatic but as tehy progress mucous membrane becomes rough, hard, whitish gray and is sensitive to hot or highly seasoned foods - more common in older adults, result from chronic irritation such as friction caused by habitual cheek biting, dentures or a rough tooth that rubs an area raw , can also be reaction to heat from tobacco smoke or local irritation from chewing tobacco - diagnose with oral exam, biopsy (3% of case, oral leukoplakia progresses to oral cancer) - treatment is consisting eliminatng source of irritation, rough tooth or denture may be smooth, giving up smoking

Answer 63

- include squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma of lip, cheekc mucosa, anterior tongue, floor of mouth, hard palate and upper and lower gingivae - appears as a white, patchy lesion or an oral ulcer (if on lip or tongue ulcer is likely to be associated with pain, dysphagia, odynophagia, wt loss, bleeding, or referred pain in ear or jaw - over than 90% r SCCs, most commonly lip (15x higher in ppl who smoke and drink and accounts for 80% of oral cancer) - betel chewing, HPV, poor oral hygeine, and periodontal disease r risk facotrs - diagnose in dental office, confirmed with fine-needle aspiration biopsy, staging of oral cancer with CT, MRI, PET, chest x-ray and measurement of serum alkaline phosphatase and liver function - treat eoth surgery, with or ithout radiotherapy, laser therapy, neck dissection to detect nodal metastases

Answer 64

- belching - burning sensation in chest and mouth - coughing spell and wheezing - vomitus regurigtate into mouth - dysphagia - erosive espohagitis with bleeding - acid gastric fluid (pH < 4) - reflux of bile or alkaline pancreatic secretion - eroded tooth enamel - scar tissue - ulceration of mucosa and pulmonary aspiration - subtype of GERD is laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) which may present as a chronic nonproductive cough - hoarseness or frequent clearing of throat

Answer 65

s/s r belching, burning sensation in chest and mouth, coughing spell and wheezing, vomitus regurigtate into mout, dysphagia, erosive espohagitis with bleeding, acid gastric fluid (pH < 4), reflux of bile or alkaline pancreatic secretion, eroded tooth enamel, scar tissue, ulceration of mucosa and pulmonary aspiration, subtype of GERD is laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) which may present as a chronic nonproductive cough, hoarseness or frequent clearing of throat

Answer 66

- inflammation of appendix (narrow pouch that is about 35 in long and etends from 1st part of large intestien (cecum)) - s/s r abdominal pain, vague discomfort, localized pain in RLQ, as condition worsens, pt becomes nauseated and may vomit, run a fever and has diarrhea or constipation - obstruction of narrow appendical lumen is cause obstruction can be caused by lymphoid hyperplasia, fecaliths, parasites, foeign bodies, Crohn disease, and priamry or metastatic cancer) - diagnose with phyical exam and reported s/s + maximal tenderness of abd at McBurney point (rebound tenderness on the opposite sute may be a sign of peritoneal irritation), CBC and urinalysis, lab finds for elevated WC count treat - appendectomy, antibiotic therapy,

Answer 67

- condition in which organ protruedes thorugh abd opening in abd wall - s/s r from weakness in muscles and mebmranes of abd wal that allows organ or part of organ to herniate (common in inguinal canal in which loop of bowel protrudes in inguinal canal and in males may progress to fill coratal sac) (severe pain = hernia may be trapped or strangulated) - caused by abnormal opening develos in weak area or congential amlformation, trauma or increased intraabd pressure from heavy lifting or pregnancy (hernia occasional develops in site of previosu surgical scar) - diagnos with palpation, Valsalva maneuver, radiographic sutdies f abd and WBC count - treat based on type of hernia, if simply then wear devise calle dtruss, herniorrhaphy is treatment of choice in children and healthy adults

Answer 68

- mechanical or functional blockage of intestines - occurs when contents of intenstine cant move ofrward bc partial or complete blcokage of bowel - s/s r severe pain, N&V, bloated and painful abd w/o passage of stool or gas, electrolyte imbalanace, elevated WBC count, hyperactive or absnet bowel sounds

Answer 69

- neoplasm - foreign bodies - fecal impaction - stricutres from Crohn dsease - compression of bowel - volvulus - intussuception - strangulated hernia - adhesion - mechanical obbstruction can lead to blood supply being blocked, resulting in issue death, risk of perforation, spillage of intestinal contents into abd cavity - paralytic condition of smal bowel called ileus can occur after abdominal surgery, when persitalsis and bowel sounds r absent - normal peristalsis also can be inhibited by use of certain meds or disease conditons, such as peritonitis

Answer 70

- acute inflammation with a plaquelike necrotic debris and mucus adhered to damaged superficial mucosa of small and large intestines - often related to use of broad-spectrum antibiotics (undergoing antibiotics therapy during previous 6 weeks) which decreases body's protective natural intestinal flora nd allow development of bacterial infectin with Clostridoides difficile and the products of inflammation and dead tissue form a coating that is called a pseudomembrane (more common in helathcare faciliites so hospitalized pt r most at risk)

Answer 71

- mild to severe greenish, flou-smelling watery diarrhea (up to 30 stools per day) - concentrated urine - decrease turgor in skin - irritation around anal area - fecal inconteinence - blood and mucus in stools - fever - weakness - report abdominal cramping - tenderness - N&V - dehydration (dry mouth, lightheadness and dizziness)

Answer 72

diagnose - stool or rectal biopsy reveal C.difficle, elevated WBC, reduced blood protein (serum albumin) level, serum electrolyte levels r abnormal, abdominal radiographs show distended colon treat - discontinuing the broad-spectrum antibiotics and substituting it with emtronidazole or vancomycin, cholestyramine, drugs that slow bowel activity are not recommend because they boost retention of toxin, theraby increasing damage to bowel,monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance with oral or IV supplement

Answer 73

- small bowel fails to absorb nutrients bc of inadequate absoprtive surface - s/s r based on amt of missing or damaged bowel, signficant signs of malnutrition, including pathologic changes in other organs and body systems - s/s r diarrhea, abnornal stools, loose wt, feel weak, tried, dizzy, brittle hair and nails, rashes - caused by extensive resection of small intestine (crohn disease, itnestinal infarction, radiation enteritis, volvulus, tumor resection and trauma)

Answer 74

diagnose - pt history (presence of bowel isease or surgy to reduce lenght or function of part of small bowel), blood tests (abnormal electrolyte levels, pH distrurbance, anemia, increased fat in stool) treat - prescription drugs for infection, diarrhea, vitamin and mineral deficiency and pain, oral or IV food supplements, surgery, postoperative parenteral hyperalimentation

Answer 75

diagnose - elevated WBC count, abnormal serum electrolyte levels, gaseous distention of bowel evident on radiographic exam of bad, radiographic studies, CT, aspiration of peritoneal shows cloudy peritoneal fluid treat - clinical manifestion of peritontiis and source mus t be indentifies then broad-specturm antibiotics, analgesics, antiemetic, NPO, surgeyry for perforation

Answer 76

- disorder of nutrition caused by primary deprivation of pprotein energy(seen in poverty or self-imposed starvation) or secondary to deficiency disease (cancer or diabetes) - distrubs body's metabolic processes, distrubring normal phytsical structures and biological function, appetite may decrease or increase, resutlign in emaciation or obesity, loss of energy, diarrhea, drastic weight change, skin lesion, loss of hair, poor nails, generalized edema, delayed healing, greasy stools from loss of fat, muscle wasting, enlarged lgands and hepatomegaly

Answer 77

- 2 distinct syndromes: - Kwashiorkor: deficieny of protein in presence of adequate energy (typically seen in weaning infants at birth of a sibling ni sareas where food contaiing protein is insufficienctly abudnance, usually occurs from IONCREASED METABOLIC ACUTE ILLNESSES SUCH AS TRAUMA, BURNS AND SEPSIS) - Marasmus (extreme malnutrition and emaciation), caused by combined protein and energy deficiency, most commonly seen where adequate quantities of food r not available, usually occurs from chronic disease such as COPD, CHF, caner or AIDS)

Answer 78

DIAGNOSE - COMPLETE PHYSICAL WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO wt, measurement of body fat and muscle mass, blood protein level, CBC, and 24 hours urine test from urea nitrogen, mineral deficiency, anemia, abnormal protein metabolism treat - feeding through NG tube, combination of dietary modifications with appropariate supplelements of proteins, vitamin, and mineral,s control diarrhea nad infections, special counselling or psychiatric interventions

Answer 79

- toxiciity resuilting from excess of any vitamin (esp fat-soluble vitamin A and D which r stored in fat tissue) - symptoms r irritabiltiy, loss of hair, anorexia, enlargement of liver and spleen, jaundice, skin changes, psychiatric disorder - can cause increased presure in brain, tinutis, pruritus, wswelling of optic nerve and abn bone growth if chronic in infants and chidren

GI diseases pt 1 Flashcards

(104 cards)