GI Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
PUD
A
Peptic ulcer dz
2
Q
S/S of pernicious Anemia
A
SOB, fatigue, weakness
Glossitis
Parasthesias
3
Q
GERD is due to
A
reflux of HCL from the stomach into the esophagus
4
Q
Symptoms of GERD may include
A
heartburn, epigastric pain, or coughing within 1 hour after eating
5
Q
S/S of GERD worsen with:
A
lying down, ETOH, coffee, smoking
6
Q
Relatively uncommon disorder almost always associate with GERD
A
Barrett’s esophagus
7
Q
Barrett’s esophagus is characterized by:
A
dysplastic regions within the esophagus
8
Q
Herniation of the stomach through the diaphragm
A
Hiatal Hernia
9
Q
Inflammation that affects gastric mucosa that can cause erosions
A
Gastritis
10
Q
S/S of Gastritis
A
pain or burning, occasionally bleeding
11
Q
Bleeding from gastritis is AKA
A
acute hemorrhagic gastritis
12
Q
___usually results from overuse of NSAIDs or ETOH
A
acute gastritis
13
Q
NSAIDs suppress:
A
protective prostaglandins
14
Q
Acute gastritis is resolved by:
A
removal of the offending agent
15
Q
___ gastritis is thought to babe autoimmune, and mainly occurs in the elderly
A
Chronic gastritis
16
Q
Chronic gastritis causes ____ of the gastric mucosa
A
atrophy
17
Q
PTs with chronic gastritis often develop ___ due to the loss of intrinsic factor
A
pernicious anemia
18
Q
5 anatomic sections of the GI tract
A
Epigastric RUQ RLQ LUQ LLQ
19
Q
Passing a scope into the GI tract for direct visualization
A
Endoscopy
20
Q
Visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
A
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
21
Q
Visualization of the rectum, colon, and distal small bowel
A
colonoscopy
22
Q
Test to detect small, hidden amounts of blood in stool
A
hemoccult test
23
Q
Hemoccult test is used to screen for:
A
colon cancer & causes of gastric bleeding (PUD)
24
Q
___ referes to pepsin + hydrochloric acid
A
Peptic acid
25
___ digests food in the stomach and duodenum
peptic acid
26
PUD is a chronic inflammatory condition of ___
stomach and proximal duodenum
27
PUD can cause ____ due to acid disturbing the underlying tissues of the stomach and duodenum
gastric/duodenal ulcers
28
Mucosal disturbance is caused by ____
aggressive change factors
29
Chronic steroid use can disturb the mucosal lining of the stomach due to:
decreased synthesis of prostaglandins which protect the stomach lining
30
Most PTs diagnosed with PUD are also positive for an organism called:
H. pylori
31
PUD is treated by:
antacids, H2-blockers, proton pump inhibitors, & eradication of H. pylori with antibiotics
32
Number 3 killer amongst all cancers
colorectal cancer
33
Colorectal cancer almost always arises from ___
Preexisting benign neoplasms in the form of polyps
34
Risk factors for colorectal cancer:
Age > 50
high fat diet, obesity, sedentary lifestyle
Smoking & ETOH overconsumption
Family HX
35
S/S of colorectal cancer
blood in stool
| change in bowel habits
36
Best Tx for colorectal cancer
high-fiber diet & lifestyle changes
37
Chronic disorder characterized by inflammation of the lining/walls of the intestines
Inflammatory bowel disease
38
2 main types of IBD
Crohn's & ulcerative colitis
39
Inflammation in IBD causes:
bloody diarrhea & abdominal cramps
40
Possible causes if IBD include:
infectious agents
Links to familial occurrence
Autoimmune response
41
Form of IBD in which all layers of the bowel are involved
Crohn's dz
42
Crohn's dz may involve ___ of the GI tract
any portion
43
S/S specific to Crohn's in addition to inflammation
malabsorption, malnutrition, weight loss
44
Form of IBD found only in the colon
ulcerative colitis
45
Main difference in ulcerative colitis vs Crohn's
more severe risk of dehydration
| Less risk for nutritional deficiency
46
An occlusion of either the small or large intestine that can be partial or complete
Intestinal obstruction
47
Pathogenesis of intestinal obstruction
obstruction > sequestration of gas & fluid > abdominal distention > pain, N/V, constipation or diarrhea
48
Loss of peristaltic motor activity in the intestine
paralytic ileus
49
Twisting of the intestine with occlusion of blood supply
Volvulus
50
Telescoping of one portion of the bowel into another
intussusception
51
Scar tissue from surgery or from chronic inflammation
Adhesions
52
Paralytic ileus is associated with ___
immobility, post-anesthesia, surgery, peritonitis, electrolyte imbalances, spinal trauma
53
herniations or saclike outpouchings of mucosa that protrude from the muscle layer of the intestine
diverticulum
54
Diverticulum most commonly occur in the ___
sigmoid colon
55
Asymptomatic diverticular dz
diverticulosis
56
Inflammation most often caused y fecal matter getting trapped, causing pain and rebound tenderness
appendicitis
57
Upper GI bleeding occurs from bleeding in the:
esophagus, stomach, duodenum
58
Lower GI bleeding occurs in the:
jejunum, ileum, colon
59
Most common causes of Upper GI bleeding
acute hemorrhagic gastritis
Esophageal varices
Peptic ulcers
60
Signs that bleeding is coming from UGI
Hematemesis & blood in stools
61
GI bleeding can be ___ or ___
frank or occult
62
Loose, dark, tarry stools
Melena
63
Most common causes of LGI bleeding:
IBD
Diverticulitis
Neoplasms
64
___ is the product of RBC breakdown
Bilirubin
65
Deposition of bilirubin in pathological places in the body is called:
jaundice
66
3 categories of jaundice
prehepatic, hepatic, posthepatic
67
Post-hepatic jaundice is also known as:
obstructive jaundice
68
Prehepatic jaundice results in __ levels of indirect bilirubin and ___ levels of direct bilirubin in the blood
high; normal
69
Prehepatic jaundice is caused by:
increase in unconjugated bilirubin
70
Increased unconjugated bilirubin occurs when:
the rate of hemolysis (spleen) exceeds the liver's ability to conjugate it
71
Decreased RBCs due to excess destruction
hemolytic anemia
72
Posthepatic jaundice occurs because of
increased conjugated bilirubin in the blood
73
Posthepatic jaundice occurs when there is:
a problem with the flow of bilirubin causing it to back up into the blood
74
posthepatic jaundice is caused by:
an obstruction and/or inflammation
75
Hepatic jaundice occurs because of:
increased unconjugated bilirubin
76
Hepatic jaundice results in ___ levels of indirect bilirubin and ___ levels of direct bilirubin in the blood
high; low
77
Posthepatic jaundice results in ___ levels of indirect bilirubin and ___ levels of direct bilirubin in the blood
normal; high
78
Inflammation of the gall bladder
cholecystitis
79
Cholecystitis is almost always caused by:
irritation of stones Innside the gall bladder
80
Stones in the common bile duct
choledocholithiasis
81
Gall stones are caused by ___ or ___
increased cholesterol or decreased water in the body (dehydration)
82
Large stones that completely block the common bile duct may result in:
posthepatic (obstructive) jaundice
83
Severe, life threatening disorder associated with escape of pancreatic enzymes into the pancreas & the surrounding tissues
pancreatitis
84
Known potent stimulator of pancreatitis
alcohol
85
Pancreatitis can eb diagnosed baby the presence of elevated ___
serum amylase & lipase
86
4th leading cause of death in US
pancreatic cancer
87
Frequently presenting symptom of pancreatic cancer
jaundice
88
Malfunction of a gene that causes abnormality in the chloride channel is a pathologic finding in ___
cystic fibbrosis
89
Cystic fibrosis is a ____ dz
autosomal recessive
90
Pancreatic complication of CF
viscous secretions disable the pancreas' ability to release pancreatic enzymes
91
Causes of hepatitis include:
autoimmune problems, microbes, idiopathic
92
Strain of hepatitis that is usually mild with full recovery
HAV
93
HAV has a ___ onset
acute
94
HBV & HCV have a ___ onset
insidious
95
State of irreversible damage to hepatocytes
cirrhosis
96
Cirrhosis causes ___ to cease
normal hepatocyte function
97
Alcohol's tacit metabolites gradually destroy ___ and replace them with ___
hepatocytes; fibrotic tissue & fat cells
98
Impaired production of bile salts causes:
vitamin deficiency & weight loss
99
Protein depletion problems of cirrhosis include:
generalized edema & ascites
100
Pathologic iron deposits on the liver that can cause Cirrhosis
hemochromatosis
101
Dz involving copper deposits on the liver
Wilson's dz
102
Impaired metabolism of cortisol from cirrhosis can lead to:
Cushing's dz
103
Decreased metabolism of ammonia can lead to:
hepatic encephalopathy & asterixis
104
Impaired metabolism of aldosterone can lead to:
fluid retention > edema
105
Splenomegaly in a cirrhosis PT will typically be secondary to:
portal HTN
106
A jaundiced patient has a higher than normal direct bilirubin. The mechanism most likely responsible for this is ___, and a likely responsible disease process is ___.
posthepatic obstruction; cholelithiasis
107
Digested blood from a duodenal ulcer will present with:
melena stools
108
Diverticuli is a problem associated with the ___ GI tract
lower
109
Increased destruction of WBCs due to hypersplenism will result in:
greater susceptibility to infections
110
Inflammation of the common bile duct and stones within it
choledocholithiasis
111
gynecomastia & hirsutism are signs of ___ in a cirrhosis PT
problems metabolizing sex hormones
112
2 major problems related to cirrhosis
diminished hepatocyte function & portal HTN
113
Inflammation that affects gastric mucosa & can cause erosions in the mucosa
Gastritis
114
3 Problems that occur as a result of portal HTN
acites
Splenomegaly
Verices (hemorrhoidal & esophageal)
115
Possible lab findings in pancreatitis
elevated serum amylase, lipase, & WBCs
116
S/S of pancreatitis
severe, radiating epigastric pain after ingesting food or ETOH
jaundice
117
___ is found only in the colon, not in the small intestines
ulcerative colitis
118
Ulcerative colitis carries a greater risk of ___ due to the location it occurs (colon)
dehydration
119
Use of ___ ___ and/or ___ put a person at greater risk for PUD
ASA, NSAIDs, chronic steroid use
120
Occlusion of the small or large intestine that can be partial or complete in nature
intestinal obstruction
121
Pain from cholecystitis is made worse by ___
eating high fat meals
122
3 main causes of UGI bleed
acute hemorrhagic gastritis
esophageal varices
peptic ulcers
123
Increased risk of infection from cirrhosis is due to ___
improperly functioning Kupffer cells & leukopenia from splenomegaly
124
Liver enzymes that may eb elevated with cirrhosis
AST, ALT, ALP
125
Most common causes of LGI bleed
IBDB, diverticulitis, neoplasms
126
Inflammation, possible autoimmune etiology, and potential problems including obstruction, inflammation, and scarring are common to:
Crohn's and ulcerative colitis dz
127
Portal hypertension is caused by:
venous back pressure due to fibrotic liver tissue becoming resistant to normal venous flow
128
Potentially deadly bleeding from the esophagus is caused by:
esophageal varices
129
___ bilirubin is water soluble
direct/conjugated
130
Tests used to assess the GI system
endoscopy
X-ray
Hemoccult test
131
Caused by an abnormality in the chloride channel that causes thickened secretions in various systems
Cystic Fibrosis
132
CF can affect which systems?
lungs and pancreas
133
Epigastric or periumbilical pain that migrates to the RLQ may be sign of:
appendicitis
134
Locations where Jaundice may bee seen:
skin, sclera, sublingual, oral palate
135
___ may cause prehepatic jaundice
hemolytic conditions
136
__ is very important to prevent paralytic ileus
encouraging movement early
137
3 symptoms specific to Crohn's dz
malabsorption, malnutrition, weight loss
138
Lab results for cirrhosis would reveal:
elevated indirect bilirubin
| elevated liver enzymes
