Basic Concepts & Applications

Question 1

study of functions & processes that occur in body

Answer 1

Physiology

Question 2

Study of underlying changes in body physiology that result from injury or illness

Answer 2

Pathophysiology

Question 3

Maintenance of normal body conditions

Answer 3

Homeostasis

Question 4

Return to homeostasis after being challenged by a stressor

Answer 4

Compensation

Question 5

Failure of the body’s ability to appropriately meet the challenges of a stressor

Answer 5

Decompensation

Question 6

Harmful condition of the body/mind

Answer 6

disease

Question 7

Disturbance in the healthiness of the body

Answer 7

disorder

Question 8

A collection of symptoms

Answer 8

syndrome

Question 9

Factors that contribute to/increase probability that a dz will occur

Answer 9

risk factor

Question 10

Condition or event that triggers a pathologic event or disorder

Answer 10

precipitating factor

Question 11

Compensation is achieved by:

Answer 11

compensatory/control mechanisms

Question 12

Normal ABG value for HCO3

Answer 12

22-26 mEq/L

Question 13

Normal ABG value for pH:

Answer 13

7.35-7.45

Question 14

Normal ABG value for pCO2

Answer 14

35-45

Question 15

Normal ABG value for pO2

Answer 15

80-100

Question 16

Normal ABG value for SaO2:

Answer 16

97-100%

Question 17

Normal fasting blood sugar:

Answer 17

70-99 mg/dL

Question 18

Normal urinary output:

Answer 18

> 30 cc/hr

Question 19

The cause of a dz

Answer 19

etiology

Question 20

dz with unidentifiable cause

Answer 20

idiopathic

Question 21

problem that occurs as result of medical treatment

Answer 21

iatrogenic

Question 22

problems resulting as consequence of being in a hospital environment

Answer 22

nosocomial

Question 23

Subjective manifestations of a dz

Answer 23

symptoms

Question 24

objective manifestations of a dz

Answer 24

signs

Question 25

basic definition of shock:

Answer 25

low BP + S/S of hypo-perfusion

Question 26

Aftermath of a dz (usually negative conotation)

Answer 26

sequela

Question 27

to provoke or make worse

Answer 27

exacerbate

Question 28

Any influence that can cause congenital defects

Answer 28

teratogen

Question 29

Abnormalities that can be detected at birth or attributed to fetal development

Answer 29

congenital defects

Question 30

Type of genetic disorder that results from alterations to the number or structure of a chromosome

Answer 30

chromosomal disorders/abberations

Question 31

Alterations to NUMBERS of chromosomes

Answer 31

aneuploidy

Question 32

22 pairs of chromosomes not responsible for sex traits

Answer 32

autosomal chromosomes

Question 33

Partner genes have the same ___ on each respective chromosome

Answer 33

locus

Question 34

Partner genes that code for the same trait

Answer 34

Alleles

Question 35

Combination of environmental triggers and variations/mutations of genes that cause improper coding

Answer 35

multifactorial genetic disorders

Question 36

"Teratogenic" is interchangeable with the term ___

Answer 36

congenital

Question 37

Deletion, duplication, or rearrangement of gene sites is called:

Answer 37

translocation

Question 38

___ are usually due to an inherited mutated gene

Answer 38

single gene disorders

Question 39

Patterns of single gene disorders

Answer 39

autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, sex-linked

Question 40

___ occurs when a mutated recessive gene partners up with an allele that is also mutated

Answer 40

autosomal recessive disorder

Question 41

A person that has the S&S caused by the genotype is said to have the ___

Answer 41

phenotype

Question 42

Mutated gene codes for misshapen RBCs > RBCs clog capillaries > ischemic pain , S&S of SOB, weakness, fatigue = ___

Answer 42

sickle cell anemia

Question 43

A person with a ____ genotype will be a carrier of the dz even if they do not "have" the dz themselves

Answer 43

heterozygous

Question 44

___ genotype occurs when the dominant gene codes for the dz characteristic

Answer 44

autosomal dominant

Question 45

___ dz's are caused baby a recessive allele that is always located only on a X chromosome

Answer 45

x-linked recessive

Question 46

A female who inherits a diseased recessive gene will not have the dz because:

Answer 46

the other X chromosome will protect from coding for that dz

Question 47

Cells depend on energy in the form of ___

Answer 47

ATP

Question 48

State of greater than normal concentration of acidic substances in the body

Answer 48

acidosis

Question 49

In hypoxic states, the body has to cycle back through ___ to produce ATPs

Answer 49

glycolysis

Question 50

Anaerobic metabolism causes an accumulation of ___

Answer 50

pyruvate

Question 51

If intake of food is greater than the body's needs, the excess is stored in the form of ___ in the ___

Answer 51

glycogen; liver

Question 52

Process of converting excess glucose to glycogen

Answer 52

glycogenesis

Question 53

Breaking down glycogen is called ___

Answer 53

glycogenolysis

Question 54

The next step in the body's "backup plan" for cellular energy

Answer 54

gluconeogenesis

Question 55

Gluconeogenesis causes ___ to be broken down for energy

Answer 55

fats and proteins

Question 56

Breakdown product of gluconeogenesis

Answer 56

ketones

Question 57

DM1 PTs rely on ___ for cellular energy production

Answer 57

gluconeogenesis

Question 58

___ begins the metabolic pathway

Answer 58

glucose

Question 59

Beriberi is a deficiency in ___

Answer 59

thaimine (vitamin B1)

Question 60

RMP of -60mV is said to be ___polarized

Answer 60

hypo

Question 61

Low calcium causes cell membranes to become ___ permeable to Na+

Answer 61

more

Question 62

Kypokalemia & hyponatremia causes cells to become ___polarized

Answer 62

hyper

Question 63

Normal blood pH range

Answer 63

7.35-7.45

Question 64

Normal blood HCO3 range

Answer 64

22-26

Question 65

___ compensate for metabolic acidosis

Answer 65

the lungs

Question 66

___ compensate for respiratory acidosis

Answer 66

the kidneys

Question 67

Low pH and low HCO3 indicate ___

Answer 67

metabolic acidosis

Question 68

In a state of respiratory acidosis, HCO3 values will be ___

Answer 68

normal

Question 69

Decrease in cell size due to less-than-favorable conditions

Answer 69

atrophy

Question 70

Increase in cell size due to synthesis of more subcellular components

Answer 70

hypertrophy

Question 71

Increase in actual number of cells in a tissue or organ leading to increased tissue/organ size

Answer 71

hyperplasia

Question 72

An alteration in cell shape, size, or organization, usually in epithelial cells due to chronic inflammation or irritation

Answer 72

dysplasia

Question 73

Irreversible cellular adaptation where mature cells are replaced by another type of adult cell

Answer 73

metaplasia

Question 74

Total body fluid loss of ___% in adults can lead to alterations in homeostasis

Answer 74

30%

Question 75

A hypertonic solution has a relatively higher ___ pressure

Answer 75

osmotic

Question 76

Excess fluid trapped in body tissues:

Answer 76

edema

Question 77

Most common form of edema

Answer 77

peripheral