gi ducas Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
intrinsic muscles of the tongue - which cranial nerve
A
hypoglossal CNXII
2
Q
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue
A
CNXII except palatoglossus - CNX
3
Q
taste anterior 2/3
A
- CNV3 - mandibular branch
4
Q
taste posterior 1/3
A
CNVII - chorda tympani branch
5
Q
two layers of the oesophagus
A
outer longitudinal layer, inner circular layer
6
Q
what is peristalsis
A
a series of wave like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
7
Q
two oesophageal sphincters
A
UOS - cricopharyngeus
LOS- functional found at the GO junction
8
Q
what does the diaphragm do
A
separates the thorax from the abdominal cavity
9
Q
what is aponeurosis
A
big flattened tendon
10
Q
what is the caval hiatus
A
the level at whic IVC passes the diaphragm
11
Q
level of caval hiatus
A
T8
12
Q
level of oesophageal hiatus
A
T10
13
Q
level of aortic hiatus
A
T12
14
Q
where will ascites drain in men
A
rectovisceral pouch
15
Q
role of parietal cells
A
secrete HCL and intrinsic factor for B12 absorption
16
Q
role of G cells
A
secretes gastrin and stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl
17
Q
role of chief cells
A
secrete pepsin - proteolytic
18
Q
branches of abdominal aorta
A
coeliac axis, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric
19
Q
level of coeliac axis
A
T12
20
Q
level of superior mesenteric
A
L1
21
Q
level of inferior mesenteric
A
L3
22
Q
drainage of the inferior mesenteric vein
A
splenic vein then the HPV
23
Q
peptic ulcer risk factors
A
middle aged man, NSAIDs, H pylori, smoker, silinger-ellison syndrome
24
Q
what is dyspepsia
A
epigastric discomfort, nausea and vomiting, bloating and burping,
25
what is dyspepsia seen
peptic ulcer disease, GORD and gastric cancer
26
epigastric pain worsened by eating, eased by antacids and lying flat, rupture will present as haematemesis and associated with gastric malignancy
gastric ulcer
27
epigastric pain relieved by eating, may wake the patient at night, rupture will present as rectal bleeding or melaena
duodenal ulcer
28
when to test for H pylori
after one month of uncomplicated dyspepsia with no relief from weight loss and antacids
29
management of ruptured peptic ulcer
ABCDE
30
RLQ pain, diarrhoea, weight loss, mouth ulcers, perianal disease
crohns
31
examples of perianal disease
sinuses, fissures, skin tags, abscesses
32
diarrhoea with blood and mucus, lower abdominal pain, faecal urgency, tenesmus, night rising, PR blood on examination
UC
33
pathology of crohns
granulomas, crypitis and crypt abscesses, thicken of bowel wall and fat wrapping stricture, deep fissuring ulceration and cobblestoning of mucosa
34
pathology of UC
no granolomas, cryptitis and crypt absecess, brances and irregular crypts, plasma cells at the bottom of cryots, superficial ulceration - pseudopolyps
35
what are crypts
the glands found in the lining of intestines and increase surface area of intestines for the absorption of water and electrolytes
36
complications of crohns
malabsoption, gallstones, fistulas, anal disease, bowel obstruction, perforation
37
complications of UC
toxic megacolon, colorectal carcinoma, primary sclerosing cholangitis, blood loss
38
IBD investigations
endoscopy and mucosal biopsy, pANCA antibodies, pain AXR, CRP and albumin, MUST
39
drug treatment of IBD
prednisolone, sulfalazine, azathioprine, infliximab
40
use of prednisolone/budesonide in IBD
induce remission during flare and Vit D
41
what is sulfasazine
5-AS
42
use of 5-AS in IBD
oral, suppositories, enemas, reduces risk of colon cancer, MONITOR RENAL FUNCTION
43
what os azathioprine
immunosuppressant
44
remember in immunosuppressants in
monitor bone marrow suppression and hepatitis and pancreatitis
45
what is infliximab
Anti-TNF
46
result of Anti-TNF
often into full remission for 8-12 weeks with single infusion
47
signs of chronic liver disease
hepatomegaly, jaundive, ascites, clubbing, palmar erythema, dupuytrens contracture, xanthelasma, gynaecomastia spider naevi, encephalopathy
48
symptoms of chronic liver disease
malaise, nasdea, RUQ discomfort
49
pathophysiology of alcohol related liver disease
free radicals generates in the breakdown of alcohol through the cytochrome P-450 pathway
50
raised AST, ALT, biliribin and decreased albumin, prolonged PT
alcoholic related liver disease
51
what is common in end stage liver disease
hepatocellular carcinoma
52
treatment of alcohol related liver disease
stop drinking
53
pathophysiology of non alcoholic liver disease
simple steatosis, hepatosteatosis, cirrosis and ESLD
54
treatment of non alcoholic liver disease
weight loss
55
varices around the para umbilical region
caput medusae
56
prophylaxis of oesophageal varices
beta blockers or variceal ligation/ banding, TIPSS as secondary prophylaxis
57
treatment of acute bleeding oesophageal varices
variceal ligation, balloon tamponade, correct clotting imbalance, terlipressin to contrict blood vessels
58
faecal oral route, acute disease
hep A
59
hep B transmission
bodily fluids
60
most common hep
C
61
hepC transmission
blood to blood
62
only found with hep b
hep D
63
hep E
similar to hep A, common in tropics
64
HBsAg
currently infected - surface antigen
65
anti-HBs
recovery and immunity
66
anti-HBc
previous or ongoing infection - core antibody
67
IgM antiHBc
acute infection
68
HB DNA
infectivity and active replication
69
young/middle aged women with liver disease symptoms
autoimmune hep
70
how to diagnose autoimmune hepatitis
liver biopsy - peice meal necrosis
71
ASMA
autoimmune hep
72
management of autoimmune hep
corticosteriods and azathioprine
73
middle aged women with an itch and positive AMA
PBC
74
young/middle aged man with IBD and ANCA + with narrowed bile ducts on ERCP
PSC
75
what increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma
PSC
76
management of PSC
liver transplant for ESLD
77
what does paracetamol effect
P450
78
what is haemochromatosis
genetic iron overload
79
excess copper, kaider fleischer rings in eyes
wilsons disease
80
liver failure and lung emphysema
A1TD
81
inflammation of gall bladder
cholecystitis
82
inflammtion of the bile duct
cholangitis
83
abdominal pain radiating to the back
pancreatitis
84
most common colorectal cancer
adenocarcinoma from glandular crypts
85
what do colorectal cancers usually start out as
polyps whic have an APC mutation
86
symptoms of colorectal cancer
change in bowel habit, weight loss, PR bleeding, tenesmus, iron deficiency anaemia, bowel obstruction
87
most common site of colorectal cancer
left side and rectum
88
what does right hemicolectomy remove
tumours in the caecum, ascending an proximal transverse colon
89
what does left hemicolectomy remove
tumours of the distal transverse and descending colon
90
what does sigmoid colectomy remove
tumours from the sigmoid colon
91
what does an anterior resection remove
tumours of the lower sigmoid colon or higher rectum
92
APR removes what
tumours of the lower rectum leavinga collostomy
