GI Exam 1 Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
4 processes of the GI tract
A
Ingestion, Digestion, Absorbtion, Excretion
2
Q
Ingestion
A
taking in food
3
Q
Digestion
A
breaking down to molecules for absorbtion
4
Q
Elimination
A
excretion of waste products of digestion
5
Q
Mucosa
A
inner most layer. Protects, secretes, absorbs.
6
Q
Submucosa
A
contain blood & lymph vessels. Transports nutrients
7
Q
Muscularis or muscular layer
A
motility. smooth muscles circular and longitudinal
8
Q
Serosa or serous layer
A
protection. Outer covering
9
Q
Peritoneum
A
Lines walls of entire abdominal cavity
10
Q
Omentum
A
fat covering, protection
11
Q
Mesinteric arteries
A
supply blood to GI tract
12
Q
Drains nutrient blood to the liver from GI
A
Potral vein
13
Q
GI tract recieves how much of total cardiac output?
A
25-30%
14
Q
Urge to defecate after eating
A
gastrocolic and duodenocolic reflex
15
Q
Sympathetic
A
inhibits/decreases digestive action
16
Q
parasympathetic
A
increases frequency, strength, velocity of GI contractions
17
Q
Chewing
A
mastication
18
Q
swallowing
A
deglutition
19
Q
Functions of mouth
A
mastication (mechanical mix with saliva)
speech
expression
taste
20
Q
Salivary glands produce
A
amylast (digest starch)
21
Q
Which muscles regulate swallowing?
A
pharyngeal muscles
22
Q
What does the esophagus do?
A
transport food to stomach
23
Q
What 2 sphincters of esophagus
A
UES (pharyngo-esophageal) LES (gastroesophageal)
24
Q
What does the LES prevent?
A
GERD
25
Gastrin
stimulates secretion of parietal & cheif cells
26
Parietal cells
secretes HCl and intrinsic factor
27
Cheif cells
pepsinogen > pepsin > protein digestion
28
Mucous neck cells
alkaline mucus to lubricate, protect stomach from self digestion
29
Pyloric glands
secretes mucus
30
What controls gastric emptying?
vagal stimulation, chyme (allows pancreatic juices to neutralize), hormonal effects
31
Purpose of small intestines
digestion & absorbtion
32
Villi
increase surface area, enhance absorbtion
33
Duodenum & jejunum absorbs...
carbs, amino acids, lipids, iron, calcium
34
Ileum absorbs...
water, electrolytes, bile salts, vitamins
35
Purpose of large intestines
absorb water and electrolytes. Store feces till elimination
36
Purpose of rectum
storage & expulsion of stool
37
2 sphincters of colon. Volontary & involontary
Internal-involontary
| external- volontary
38
Defecation reflex
feces moves to rectum, distention, activate parasympathetic, relaxes sphincter, constricts muscles, force feces out.
39
Function of the Liver
bile production/secretion, carb metabolism, formation clotting factors, fat metabolism, vitamin & mineral storage, filtration, detoxification, blood storage
40
Kupffer cells
Liver cells: filter and destroy old blood cells, remove bacteria
41
Blood supply to the liver
portal vein, hepatic artry
42
How much blood is supplied to the liver by the portal vein
75%
43
Pancreas
pancreatic juice aid to digestion, neutralize chyme. Enter via common bile duct.
44
Gall bladder
store and concentrate bile
45
Bile
emulsifies fats
46
Bilirubin. What does it come from?
pigment derived from breakdown of hemoglobin- main component of bile.
Bile>bilirubin>urobilinogen>excretes in feces & urine
47
First sign of GI problem
pain
48
Cullen sign
bluish around umbilicus = internal bleeding
49
Blumberg's sign
rebound tenderness sign of peritonitis
50
McBurney's point
1/3 distance between umbilicum and iliac crest. Appendicitis
51
Order of abdominal assessment
Inspection, auscultation, percuss, palpate
52
Diagnostic studies
CBC, WBC, PT, electrolytes, Liver function(ALT), stool analysis, stool culture, fecal occult, gastric analysis
53
Paracentesis
aspirate fluid from abdomen
| void prior to procedure!
54
GI cocktail
determine GERD or heart attack
| litocane, donatol, maylox
55
Radiology tests
Xray, CAT/MRI, barrium swallow (upper and lower), abdominal angiogram
56
Endoscopy
EDG, colonoscopy
57
Liver biopsy
PTT, position patient on right side for 2 hours, monitor hemorrhage
58
Hungar
uneasy or painful sensation caused by lack of food
59
Hidden hunger
subclinical deficiencies but no obvious signs of undernutrition
60
Food insecurity
lack of access to food to meet dietary needs
61
Malnutrition
deficiency or excess of nutrients
62
Malcutrition causes...
weakens the immune system, stunts growth, delay wound healing, impairs mental and physical growth
63
under nutrition
state of poor nutrition from an inadequate diets of diseases that affect appetite and utilization of food
64
over nutrition
ingestion of more food than required for body needs
65
protein calorie malnutrition
chronic inadequate protein
| high metabolic protein and energy requirements
66
Catabolism
without needed proteins and calories, body fills its energy needs by breaking down stored proteins and fats (loose muscle mass, weakness, fatigue, poor wound healing, death)
67
Kwashiorkor
lack of protein quality and quantity in presend of adequate calories (edema, acites)
68
Marasmus
calorie malnutrition in which body fat and proteins are wasted
69
Starvation
```
carbs used up, glycogen
fats
proteins converted to glucose
plasma oncotic pressure decreases, fluid shift
edema
dry wrinkled skin
sodium/potassum pump fail, cell expand and die
death
```
70
Subjective data starvation
dietary intake for last 24 hours
profile for last 2 weeks
etoh intake
meds
71
Objective data starvation
physiccal exam
height and weight
mid arm circumference
BMI
72
Lab values starvation
PREALBUMIN
H&H
iron
protein
73
Starvation-exspected outcomes
```
achieve weight gain (1-2 lbs per week
consume specific number of calories per day
select good food choices
take rest periods for 30 mins
no evidence of infection
```
74
Goal of treatment for starvation
restore nutrition with diet high in calories and protein
75
Nursing interventions for starvation
```
small frequent meals
supplemental feedings
vitamin supplements
foods from home
good mouth care
rest periods
pain relief
socialization at mealtimes
observe for s/s of infection
correct fluid & electrolyte imbalance
treat infection
TPN
```
76
Bariatric medicine
branch of medicine that deals with prevention, control, and treatment of obesity
77
Obesity patho
results when calrie intake exceeds energy demands for a prolonged period of time and the body stores excess calories as fat
78
Primary obesity
excess calorie intake for metabolic demands
79
Hypertrophic obesity
increase in size aof adipose cells. ADULT
80
Hyperplactic obesity
increase in cell size & number of fat cells (YOUNG AGE)
81
Android obesity
fat distributed over abdomen and upper body, apple shape. right for cardiovasular disease
82
Gynecoid obesity
fat distributed over hips, better prognosis. harder to loose weight.
83
BMI
Normal 18.5-24.9
Morbide obese 41-45
super obese >50
84
Complications of obesity
cardio, rasp, vascular, infection
85
Gastroplasty
stomach divided by surgery, stapling, or banding itno small upper portion and large distal portion
86
Primary cause of tooth decay
plaque
87
gingivitis
inflammation of gums
| pockets form, collects bacteria, gums recede, bone destruction
88
Indication of gingivitis
painless bleeding of gums with normal brushing
89
Halitosis
bad breath
90
Stomatitis
inflamation of mouth
91
glossitis
tongue inflammation
