GI Exam VI Flashcards
(247 cards)
1
Q
Digestive system components:
A
- alimentary canal (GI Tract)
- Accessory organs
2
Q
The alimentary canal (GI tract) travels from:
A
mouth to anus
3
Q
The luminal contents within the alimentary canal are considered:
A
outside the body
4
Q
How long is the alimentary canal?
A
30 feet in length
5
Q
When are substances within the alimentary canal, when are they considered inside the body?
A
after they have been absorbed across the epithelial layer that lines the GI tract
6
Q
____ are in place to keep digested food contents moving in one direction:
A
sphinctors
7
Q
The spinchtor located between the located between the esophagus and stomach; failure leads to GERD
A
lower esophageal
8
Q
Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter leads to:
A
acid reflux
9
Q
Spinster located between the stomach and all intestine
A
pyloric valve
10
Q
sphincter located between the small intestine and colon:
A
ileocecal valve
11
Q
Sphincter located at the end of the colon; made of smooth muscle and INVOLUNTARY:
A
internal anal sphinctor
12
Q
Sphincter located at the end of the colon; made of VOLUNTARY MUSCLE:
A
External anal sphincter
13
Q
sphincter that controls the release of contents from the pancreas and liver into the small intestine
A
sphincter of oddi
14
Q
List the 6 functions of the GI system:
A
- digestion
- secretion
- absorption
- motility
- excretion
- defense
15
Q
Describe digestion:
A
break down of ingested macromolecules into their building blocks
16
Q
What are the two types of digestion?
A
mechanical and chemical
17
Q
physically breaking down food into smaller pieces such as chewing
A
mechanical digestion
18
Q
motility patterns of the digestive tract particularly the ones in the stomach are designed for:
A
mechanical digestion
19
Q
breaking down food through the use of enzymes:
A
chemical digestion
20
Q
What components are involved in GI secretion?
A
- digestive enzymes
- acid/base
- bile
21
Q
Involves the passive and active transport processes across an epithelial layer:
A
absorption
22
Q
In the absorption seen in the GI system, substances move from ____ to ___.
A
lumen of gut to blood
23
Q
Looking at the starling’s forces governing capillary exchange outside of the small intestine, overall we have ____ along the entire length of the capillary
A
net absorption
24
Q
The contractile patterns of the GI system:
A
motility
25
Motility aspect of the digestive system involves what 3 components?
1. Mixing
2. Mechanical Digestion
3. Propulsion
26
movement of materials through the digestive tract:
proprolsion
27
Removal of metabolic waste:
excretion
28
There is very little ____ in feces
true waste
29
Any undigested products to be excreted from the body:
metabolic waste
30
What gives the feces color?
bile pigements
31
The defense system of the GI tract involves:
Gut associated lymphoid tissue
32
What defensive organ monitors the entrance point of the digestive tract?
tonsils
33
List the path of food travel through the GI tract
1. mouth
2. esophagus
3. stomach
4. small intestine
5. colon
6. rectum
7. anus
34
As food enters into the body, it is stored in the ____, which will slowly release it into the ____.
stomach; small intestine
35
Describe the processes that occur in the stomach:
not much absorption, mainly secretion (acid secretion)
36
What is the purpose of the acid secretion in the stomach?
to sterilize the meal
37
Describe the size of the contents as it goes through the digestive tract:
starts large, gets smaller and smaller until it reaches the colon where compaction occurs to resolidify the material
38
Describe the processes that occur early on in the small intestine:
massive amounts of secretion and absorption
39
Describe the processes that occur later on in the small intestine:
Still have absorption and secretion but much less later on
40
The substances in the small intestine are being absorbed by the:
hepatic portal vein
41
Because the hepatic portal vein is the location where the absorbed substances from the small intestine go, describe what happens to these absorbed substances:
Everything being absorbed from the small intestine will go to the liver before it gets dumped into general circulation
42
Under normal circumstances almost ALL of the meal is digested and absorbed by:
An exception to this is:
the first 25% of the small intestine
exception= fats take a bit longer
43
Functions to compact the small fragments of material following digestion:
How does it do this?
colon; reabsorption of a lot of salt and water to concentration the feces
44
List the ingested substances that serve as nutrients (7):
1. carbs
2. fats
3. proteins
4. DNA & RNA
5. Water
6. electrolytes
7. vitamins
45
amount of water and solids ingested per day:
1200ml water & 500-800g solids
46
Amount of salivary secretions & gastric secretions per day:
1500 mL & 2000mL
47
amount of bile secreted by liver per day:
amount of pancreatic secretions per day:
bile= 500mL
pancreatic secretions= 1500mL
48
Amount absorbed into the blood in the small intestine:
6700mL per day
49
amount of intestinal secretions primarily into the small intestine:
1500mL
50
Amount of absorption into the blood that occurs in the large intestine per day:
1400mL
51
what amount of solid an water are exerted into the feces per day (on average)
100mL of water & 50 g of solids
52
movement in contents too quickly through the digestive tract will result in:
diarrhea
53
movement of contents too lowly through the digestive tract will result in:
constipation
54
What four layers comprise the GI tract wall?
1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. muscularis externa
4. serosa
55
What layer of the GI tract wall is being described?
- simple columnar epithelium
- lamina propria
- muscularis mucosa for the movement of villi
mucosa
56
What layer of the GI tract wall is being described?
- connective tissue layer
-blood vessels and lymph
- submucosal plexus
submucosa
57
What layer of the GI tract wall is being described?
- circular muscle
- longitudinal muscle
- myenteric plexus
muscularis externa
58
What layer of the GI tract wall is being described?
- connective tissue covering
- support GI tract and abdominal activity
Serosa
59
Describe the epithelium that comprises the mucosa layer of the GI tract wall?
simple columnar epithelium, heterogenous
60
What does it mean that the epithelium comprising the mucosal layer is "heterogeneous"
some of the cells of the epithelium actively absorb nutrients of the lumen, some of these cells actively secrete hormones into the blood, and some of these cells may be stem cells that are dividing and replacing
61
What is the innermost layer of the GI tract wall?
mucosa
62
Located in the mucosa layer of the GI tract wall, just beneath the epithelial layer:
lamina propria
63
Blood and nerve supply and nerve supply come up through which portion of the mucosa layer of the GI tract wall?
lamina propria
64
Innermost layer of the mucosa layer of the GI tract wall, functions to move the villi:
muscularis mucosa
65
major blood and lymph vessels of the GI tract travel through the:
submucosa
66
network of neurons located within the submucosa:
submucosal plexus
67
The submucosal plexus is receiving input from another nervous system plexus that is deeper in the wall called the ____, and the submucosal plexus will also send info to this plexus.
myenteric plexus
68
Describe the muscular makeup of the muscularis externa layer of the GI tract wall:
muscularis externa is made of smooth muscle arranged into circular muscle and longitudinal muscle
69
Muscle fibers arranged concentrically around the lumen that functions in luminal diameter:
circular muscle
70
contraction of concentric muscle=
relaxation of concentric muscle=
narrowing of the lumen; dilation of the lumen
71
muscle fibers arranged along the long axis o the tube and allows fro coordinated contraction of different areas of the tube to occur together:
longitudinal muscle
72
What dose longitudinal muscle allow for?
coordinated contraction of different areas of the tube
73
In between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers is the:
myenteric plexus
74
the myenteric is a network of neurons in the ____ that receives input from the ____.
muscularis externa; autonomic nervous system
75
The myenteric plexus has projections into the:
submucosal plexus, circular muscle & longitudinal muscle
76
Submucosal and myenterical plexus; "little brain"
enteric nervous system
77
The digestive tract is the only organ in the body that has its own:
brain
78
What types of cells are located in the epithelial layer of the GI tract?
1. simple columnar (with microvilli)
2. Goblet cells
3. enteroendocrine cells
4. stem cells
79
The simple columnar cells found in the epithelial layer have:
microvilli
80
Unicellular exocrine gland that secretes mucus:
goblet cell
81
Why is it important to have goblet cells within the epithelial layer?
Mucus protects the GI lining from the acidic environment
82
Enteroendocrine cells located within the epithelial layer are located at the:
base of villi
83
found within the epithelial layer and function to secrete hormone into the blood:
enteroendocrine cells
84
Stems cells within the epithelial layer are located:
within crypts
85
What components allow for the tremendous surface area available for the absorption of nutrients from the lumen?
1. circular folds
2. villi
3. microvilli
86
Circular folds increase the surface area of the:
intestinal lining
87
Villi are extensions off ____ & increase the surface area of the ____.
circular folds; circular folds
88
Another name for microvilli
brush border
89
Microvilli are located on the ____ and increase the surface area of the ____
apical membrane of villi; apical membrane
90
Together, circular folds, villi, and microvilli increase SA ____x over flat surface
600x
91
What two components are present inside the villus?
1. lacteals (lymph vessels)
2. capillary network
92
Substances absorbed across the epithelium will either enter _____ also known as _____ or will enter _____.
1. lacteals also known as lymph vessels
2. capillary network
93
What moves the villus?
muscularis mucosa
94
Venous drainage and lacteal movement can be described as ____ processes
passive
95
Venous drainage and lacteal movement can be described as ____ processes
passive
96
Since venous drainage and lacteal movement are passive processes they require:
skeletal muscle contractions & one-way valves
97
The process of the muscularis mucosa contraction causing the villus to move up and down and this movement allowing the absorbed digestates to move through the capillaries, through the veins, and then back to the general circulation:
milking the villus
98
When looking at hormone levels in the GI system, changes in hormones levels are the response of changes in the _____, NOT the ____.
lumen; ECF
99
Control systems of GI regulate systems in ____.
lumen of tract
100
Control mechanisms are governed by ____ & ____ of luminal contents
volume and composition
101
When changes in the gut lumen initiate the secretion of a hormone into the blood:
endocrine secretion
102
When changes in the gut lumen will cause paracirnes to be secreted into interstitial fluid & affect cells close by:
paracrine secretion
103
Autonomic nerve function that will stimulate an endocrine gland to secrete a hormone into the blood:
neurocrine secretion
104
When two cells actually have to make contact with each other for secretion to occur:
immune/juxtacrine secretion
105
Name two examples of cells displaying immune/juxtacrine secretion:
ECL cells & D-cells
106
What do ECL cells secrete?
histamine
107
What do D-cells secrete?
somatostatin
108
The gut innervation responsible for sensory
Afferent neurons
109
The gut innervation responsible for secretomotor:
efferent neurons
110
Reflex receptors that respond to stretch, inflammation, nutrients, and endocrine factors:
Afferent sensory
111
Afferent sensory neurons respond to:
1. stretch
2. inflammation
3. nutrients
4. endocrine factors
112
Afferent sensory neurons form synapses in:
1. enteric nervous system
2. pre vertebral ganglia
3. spinal cord
4. brainstem
113
Vagal nerves are mainly ____ to the brainstem
afferent
114
Sensory info going TO the brainstem will be carried by:
vagal sensory neurons
115
When a vagal nerve carries the sensory info in, and a vagal nerve carries the parasympathetic commands out:
vagal-vagal reflex
116
What are categories of efferent (secretomotor) control?
1. somatic
2. sympathetic
3. parasympathetic
117
_____ control occurs for muscles of the tongue, and for muscles of chewing & swallowing
somatic motor control
118
Cranial nerve responsible for the following:
- muscles of the tongue
- muscles of chewing
- muscles of swallowing
tongue= CN 12
chewing= CN5
swallowing= CN9 & 10
119
The pudendal nerve is a _____ nerve that controls both the external urethral sphincter as well as the external anal sphincter:
somatic nerve
120
Both the external urethral sphincter and external anal sphincter can be described as:
voluntary
121
we have voluntary muscles at the start of the digestive tract and voluntary muscle at the end of the digestive tract but ____ muscle in between that is controlled by ____.
smooth muscle; autonomic nervous system
122
what is the majority of the autonomics that make up the middle of the digestive tract and why?
mostly sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers because they form in the pre-vertebral foramen and will extend to the digestive tract
123
The post-ganglionic nerve fibers that form in the pre-vertebral foramen and extend to the digestive tract will release ____ to ____.
norepinephrine; to enteric nervous system, vasculature, ducts, and cells of the tissue
124
The sympathetic nervous system is mostly ____ to the digestive system
inhibitory
125
Digestion is dominated by _____ function
parasympathetic
126
The parasympathetic motor neurons of the digestive tract:
1. vagus nerve
2. pelvic nerves
127
parasympathetic nervous control can be stimulatory or inhibitory depending on:
the final neurotransmitter
128
post-ganglionic fibers (NEpi) to enteric nervous sytem, vasculature, ducts, parenchyma; usually inhibitory
sympathetic
129
ENS functions as post-ganglionic fibers, action are stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on final neurotransmitter receptor
parasympathetic
130
Monitor the conditions of the lumen of the gut:
sensory neurons
131
What are some things that a sensory neuron might monitor?
stretch, nutrients, etc.
132
When a sensory neuron is stimulated, sensory information can then go activate the ____ OR the sensory information can go to the ____.
enteric nervous system; prevertebal ganglia, spinal cord, or brainstem
133
Following the sensory transmitting the stimuli to the appropriate area (ENS, PV ganglia, spinal cord, or brainstem), we will then have:
sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow from the brain
134
If the response to the stimulus is sympathetic outflow from the brain, these are mostly _______ fibers that are going to secrete _____ as their NT.
post-ganglionic fibers; norepinephrine
135
Parasympathetic fibers are all going to be ____
preganglionic
136
Describe the length of sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers:
short
137
Describe the length of parasympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers:
long
138
The synapse between the pre-ganglionic & post-ganglionic fibers occur in the:
wall of an organ
139
Parasympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers release ____, and its going to influence the function of neurons in the ___.
acetylcholine; enteric nervous system
140
What neurotransmitter is released by the parasympathetic nerve fiber?
What does this influence?
acetylcholine
enteric nervous system
141
When the enteric nervous system is influenced by the parasympathetic nerve fibers releasing acetylcholine, the response to the digestive system will be:
either stimulating or inhibiting??
142
In general terms, the myenteric plexus is involved in:
coordinated function all along the length of the digestive tract
143
the submucosal plexus and the myenteric plexus can both be directly stimulated by: (4)
1. Acetylcholine
2. Amines
3. Nitric Oxide
4. Many other peptides
144
When a sensory neuron is stimulates, it can either act on the ____ or travel up and act on the ____, or ____
1. submucosal plexus
2. myenteric plexus
3. pre-vertebral ganglia , spinal cord and brainstem
145
Neurotransmitters for:
1. Sympathetic motor neurons:
2. Parasympathetic motor neurons:
1. Norepinephrine
2. Acetylcholine
146
Linear chain of neurons that extend the entire length of GI Tract:
myenteric plexus
147
The myenteric plexus is a linear chain of neurons that extends:
the entire length of the GI tract
148
The myenteric plexus controls:
the muscle of muscularis externa
149
What occurs when the myenteric plexus is stimulated? (5)
1. increase tone of gut wall
2. increase intensity of rhythmic contractions
3. slight increase in rate of rhythmic contractions
4. increase conduction velocity of electrical waves along gut wall
5. inhibition of sphincter contraction
150
Why is sphincter contraction inhibited when the myenteric plexus is stimulated?
the sphincter have to relax to move contents from one area to another
151
The enteric systemic is considered:
The brain of the gut
152
Controls the function of each minute segment of GI tract:
submucosal plexus
153
What plexus is involved in local control?
submucosal plexus
154
The local control of the submucosal plexus involves control of:
1. intestinal secretions
2. absorption
3. contraction of smooth muscle
155
Stimuli that can occur INSIDE the GI lumen include:
changes in chem, osmolarity, or some sort of mechanical change like stretch
156
The stimulus sensed by sensory neurons will activate sensory receptors such as:
chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors
157
Describe the pathway of a short loop reflex:
1. stimulus
2. chemo/mechano/osmoreceptors in GI wall
3. ^^ these receptors stimulate the enteric NS inside the GI wall
4. The enteric NS activates smooth muscles and glands
5. Response in GI lumen
158
Describe the speed and CNS involvement in short loop reflex
Very rapid and doesn't involve CNS
159
Describe the pathways of a long loop reflex:
1. simulus
2. chemo/mechano/osmoreceptors in GI wall
3. Afferent neurons to CNS
4. Vagal efferent autonomic neurons
5. Enteric nervous plexus
5. Smooth muscle or gland activation
6. GI response
160
Describe the speed and CNS involvement in long loop reflex:
long and involves CNS
161
In many instances, both short and long loop reflexes:
occur at the same time
162
CNS stimulation can cause changes in the GI tract by stimuli arising:
OUTSIDE the GI lumen
163
What are some examples of CNS stimulations outside of the GI tract?
site of food, smell of food, taste of food, emotional state, hunger levels
164
Site of food, smell of food, tase of food, emotional state, and hunger levels can affect the:
enteric NS function
165
The chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors will all be activated by stimuli:
within the GI lumen
166
True or false: Many of the neurons in the ENS also function as parasympathetic post ganglionic fibers
true
167
True or false: the submucosal plexus functions to inhibit sphincter contraction:
False- myenteric plexus
168
True or false: Local control of the GI tract is mediated by the function of the submucosal plexus:
true
169
True or false: Vagal sensory neurons monitoring the gut are activated by changes in the GI lumen or wall
true
170
True or false: Sensory info arising from the gut must be process through the CNS
Fase- can have short loop reflex
171
Endocrine cells scattered in gut mucosa:
unicellular endocrine glands
172
Unicellular endocrine cells are considered ____ cells with ___.
specialized cells with one hormone
173
Describe the secretion of hormones from specialized endocrine cells:
usually secrete one hormone
174
When looking at endocrine cells in the digestive system, specific cell types are:
localized to regions of the gut
175
When and where do the unicellular endocrine glands secrete their hormone?
When they "taste" the luminal contents and into the blood
176
Hormones are secreted by the unicellular endocrine glands based on:
responses to changes in the LUMEN
177
The secretory products of the endocrine cells will be secrete out of the ____ where the blood supply is & will be secreted response to changes in the lumen
basolateral surface
178
Paracrine factors are similar to endocrine but instead of being released into the blood, they are released into the _______, where it will diffuse to target cells
interstitial fluid
179
Paracrine factors are released into the interstitial fluid, which diffuses to the target cell but some of these paracrine factors may:
Overflow into circulation
180
Two established gut paracrine factors include:
1. histamine
2. somatostatin
181
Histamine is released by ____ cells
Somatostatin is released by ____ cells
ECL cells
D cells
182
Both histamine and somatostatin are:
paracrines
183
paracrine secrete their substances across the ____ into the interstitial space
basolateral surface
184
Histamine is mainly released by:
gastrin
185
Somatostatin is mainly related by:
luminal H+
186
Patterns of motility include:
1. chewing
2. swallowing
3. esophageal transport
4. gastric storage, trituration, & emptying
5. vomiting
6. gallbladder storage & emptying
7. small intestinal mixing & transport
8. colonic storage & defecation
187
Mixing of the contents with gastric juice to make a homogenous solution; to break things down
trituration
188
one of the most complex reflexes the body has due to reversal of all motility:
vomiting
189
A protective reflex mediated by the brain stem:
vomiting
190
List the skeletal (voluntary, striated), gut musculature:
1. mouth
2. oropharynx
3. upper esophageal sphincter
4. upper 1/3 of esophagus
5. external anal sphincter
191
The mouth, oropharynx, upper esophageal sphincter, upper 1/3 of esophagus, and external anal sphincter can all be described as:
Skeletal, voluntary, striated muscle
192
List the smooth (involuntary), gut musculature:
1. lower 2/3 of esophagus
2. stomach
3. small intestine
4. large intestine
5. gallbladder
6. billiary & pancreatic ducts
193
The lower 2/3s of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, gallbladder, and billiary & pacnreactic ducts can all be described as:
Smooth involuntary muscle
194
Collects all venous outflow for most GI organs:
portal vein
195
All portal outflow goes to ___ before entering ___
liver; vena cava
196
Nutrients, hormones, drugs, and toxins are scanned by the:
liver
197
Describe the hypothalamic pituitary portal system:
portal system between the hypothalamus & anterior pituitary
198
The hypothalamic pituitary portal system allows for:
direct delivery of tropic hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
199
The portal system in the digestive tract is between:
the organs of digestion and the liver
200
Each organ in the digestive tract gets its own:
blood supply
201
Everything along the digestive system that gets absorbed will first be absorbed into the:
portal vein
202
After everything in the digestive system first gets absorbed into the portal vein, the portal vessel will then carry that blood to the:
liver
203
Types of saliva include:
1. serous
2. mucus
204
Serous saliva is a ___ secretion containing ___.
watery secretion; ptyalin (alpha-amylase)
205
Another name for ptyalin is:
alpha amylase
206
What is the function of serous saliva?
moisten & dissolve food
207
Alpha-amylase is a digestive enzyme that is responsible for:
small amount of chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth
208
Describe mucus saliva:
thick secretions containing mucin
209
Mucus saliva is responsible for:
lubrication an protection of surfaces
210
List the types of salivary glands and their products:
1. parotid: serous
2. submandibular: mixed
3. sublingual: mixed
4. many tiny buccal glands: mucus
211
List the components that make up saliva:
1. water
2. bicarb
3. mucins
4. amylase
5. lysozyme, lactoferrin, IgA
6. Epidermal and nerve growth factors
212
Name the component of saliva being described:
Facilitates taste and dissolution of nutrients, aids in swallowing:
water
213
Name the component of saliva being described:
Neutralizes refluxed gastric acid:
bicarbonate
214
Name the component of saliva being described: lubrication
mucins
215
Name the component of saliva being described:
Starch digestion:
amylase
216
Name the component of saliva being described:
Innate and acquired immunity:
lysozyme, lactoferrin, and IgA
217
Name the component of saliva being described:
Mucosal growth and protection:
Epidermal and nerve growth factors
218
How much saliva do we produce per day?
1.5 L/ day
219
Describe the control of saliva secretion:
secretion strictly under neural reflex control
220
What is the predominate regulator of saliva secretion?
Parasympathetic NS
221
The parasympathetic NS is the predominate regulator of saliva production and it releases ____ which binds to ____.
acetylcholine; muscarinic receptors
222
Critical for the initiation of saliva secretion:
parasympathetic NS
223
The parasympathetic NS is critical for what aspects of saliva secretion:
1. initiation of saliva secretion
2. sustaining high levels of saliva secretion
3. vasodilation of blood vessels supply salivary glands
224
What is the parasympathetic nervous systems effect on the blood vessels supplying salivary glands?
vasodilation
225
When the blood vessels supplying salivary glands are dilated by the parasympathetic NS, there is up to a ___ increase in saliva production by ____.
20x; acing cells
226
As flow rate increases, the saliva: (3)
1. less time for ductal modification
2. saliva more closely resembles the plasma
3. saliva becomes more basic
227
As the flow rate of saliva increases, the amounts of what ions will increase?
Na+, HCO3-, and Cl-
228
Why does saliva look closer to plasma at high secretion rates?
because the ductal cells are responsible for resorbing salt, water, and bicarb, but at high flow rates this does not allow enough time for this to take place (less reabsorption occurs)
229
What are 5 modes of reflex activation of parasympathetic stimulated saliva production?
1. taste (especially sour)
2. tactile stimuli (presence of smooth objects) on tongue surface
3. Smell of food (especially stanky food)
4. Ingestion of irritating foods
5. nausea
230
Why does nausea initiate reflex activation of parasympathetic stimulated saliva production?
The parotid glands will secrete a basic solution that will prepare the esophagus and mouth for the upcoming vomit
231
The sympathetic NS role in saliva secretion:
1. minor role
2. enhances parasympathetic effects
232
For the minor control of saliva secretion, the sympathetic nervous system secretes ____ which binds to ____.
Norepinephrine; adrenergic receptors
233
In unstimulated saliva secretion:
- submandibular: ____%
- parotid glands: ____%
- sublingual glands: ___%
- 69% submandibular
-26% parotid
-5% sublingual
234
In stimulated saliva secretion:
- parotid glands: ____%
- submandibular: ____%
- sublingual glands: ___%
- 69% parotid
- 26% submandibular
- 5% sublingual
235
saliva production is inhibited by:
1. fear
2. sleep
3. fatigue
4. dehydration
236
saliva production is stimulated by:
1. autonomic (primarily PNS)
2. thinking/seeing/smelling food
3. conditioned salivation
4. chewing
5. nausea
237
Thinking/seeing/smelling food which stimulates saliva production is in the ____ phase.
cephalic
238
True or false: Rates of saliva production are not dependent on age, flow rates remain constant in spite of acinar degeneration:
True
239
subjective feeling of a dry mouth:
xerostomia
240
What are the most common causes of xerostomia: (5)
1. polypharmacy (greater than 4 drugs per day)
2. anxiety & depression (and meds used to treat these)
3. insufficient hydration
4. head and neck radiation
5. Sjogren syndrome
241
Describe Sjogren syndrome:
- autoimmune destruction of mucous membranes and moisture-secreting glands
- decreased production of tears and saliva
- dry eyes and mouth
242
What are the consequences of xerostomia? (7)
1. Increased caries
2. Halitosis
3. Disrupted sleep
4. Difficulty lubricating and swallowing food
5. Dry mouth
6. Impaired taste
7. Heartburn
243
Why might someone with xerostomia have increased caries?
Due to reduced oral clearance of sugars, dietary acids, and oral bacteria
244
In a patient with xerostomia, what symptoms may be accompanied by the dry mouth feeling?
- feeling thirsty
- dry cracked lips
- burning mouth sensation
- dry/sore oral mucosa
245
Why might someone with xerostomia have heart burn?
Saliva is supposed to buffer and gastric acid that gets up into the esophagus, and if you don't have enough saliva the acid does not get buffered
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What other things might accompany heart burn in an individual with xerostomia?
1. Decreased buffering
2. Loss of protective growth factors in saliva
3. lengthened healing time for ulcers
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Management of xerostomia includes: (4)
1. avoid acidic, spicy, crunchy, and coarse foods
2. alcohol free toothpaste and rinses
3. oral moisturizers (sips of water and sugarless chewing gum)
4. Sialogogues such as pilocarpine & cevimeline before meals
