GI Health Flashcards
1
Q
What is a powerful tool for managing GI health and disease?
A
Nutrition
2
Q
Fibre promotes intestinal health and helps manage intestinal conditions through:
A
- benefits of fermentation
- bacterial effects (FOS,MOS)
- intestinal immune effects
3
Q
Role of probiotics?
A
enhance intestinal fermentation and produce beneficial SCFA
4
Q
What do FAs play an important role in?
A
managing intestinal inflammation
5
Q
What is fiber?
A
- non-digestible
- plant based
- complex carb
- variable composition, fermentability, solubility
6
Q
Where does nutrient uptake take place?
A
small intestine
7
Q
Fermentable fibers fed to dogs result in?
A
increased SA of gut –> increased absorptive area –> increased nutrient uptake
8
Q
What is dysbiosis?
A
bacterial imbalance in the GI tract
9
Q
What is microbiota?
A
bacterial cells in mammalian GI tract
- SIBG = small intestinal bacterial growth
- greatly out number host cells
- account for ~95% of cells
- ~500 different species
10
Q
What is the problem associated with bacteria in the small intestine?
A
When there is too much
–> chronic diarrhea
11
Q
What is FOS?
A
fructooligosaccharide
- linear chains of fructose units, linked by beta (2-1) bonds
- naturally occurring fiber in plants (onions, chicory, garlic)
- resist digestion and are fermented to form SCFA, L-lactate, CO2, hydrogen –> gas production
12
Q
Large available source of FOS?
A
Chicory
13
Q
Effects of fermentable fiber on large intestine?
A
provision of energy and pathogen overgrowth
14
Q
What form of energy do canine enterocytes prefer?
A
butyrate (SCFA)
15
Q
What form of energy do other species’ enterocytes utilize?
A
glucose or glutamine
16
Q
What is the importance of butyrate for dogs?
A
intestinal cells are designed for butyrate utilization and therefore, thrive on a diet that provides butyrate
17
Q
Influence of cellulose on colonic histology?
A
Poorly fermentable
–> Cryptitis
18
Q
Cryptitis
A
inflammation at the base of the crypt preventing proper maturation of cells coming out of the crypt and moving up the villi
19
Q
Influence of beet pulp on conolic histology?
A
Moderate fermentability
–> healthy gut
20
Q
Influence of pectin on colonic histology?
A
Higher fermentable
–> exfoliation
21
Q
What is exfoliation of the intestine?
A
Cells of the villi slough too early
22
Q
Conclusions made from the canine colonic microstructure study?
A
- dogs fed fermentable fiber have a greater colon mass (per kg BW)
- colonic surface area:mass ratio was increased in dogs fed fermentable fiber –> increasing absorptive capacity of small/large intestine
23
Q
Roles of SCFAs in GI health?
A
dietary fiber and beneficial intestinal bacteria –> SCFA –> energy source and inhibits pathogenic bacteria
24
Q
Which type of bacteria uses FOS as an energy source?
A
Only good (lactobacillus, bifidobacterium) but not bad (salmonella, E.coli)
25
Poor and unbalanced bacterial communities can lead to?
pathologies such as:
- autoimmunity
- allergy
- metabolic disorders
- -> immune disorders
26
What is FOS responsible for increasing in the canine intestine?
intestinal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli
27
What does FOS promote the growth of?
B. animalis AHC7
28
What is MOS?
Mannanoligosaccharide
- yeast cell wall extract from saccharomyces
- highly branched chains of mango-pyranoside residues
- backbone linkages are alpha-1,6
- side chain linkages are alpha-1,2 and alpha-1,3
- resistant to small intestinal digestion
29
What is the function of MOS?
bind pathogens and compete for intestinal attachment
30
The combination of what can help to increase beneficial bacteria while decrease pathogenic bacteria?
FOS + beet pulp + MOS + proven probiotic
31
What is GALT?
gut associated lymphoid tissue
- local immune response
- extensive gut immune system making it the largest immune organ in the body
32
What is GALT composed of?
- mesenteric lymph nodes (T cells)
- intestinal epithelium (T cells)
- Peyer's patches (B cells)
- Lamina propria (B cells)
33
Benefit of moderately fermentable fiber?
Increased T cells from PBMC
34
Benefit of low fermentable fiber?
Increased T cells from Peyer's patches
35
Feeding fermentable fiber results in?
- higher mitogen response in T cells from peripheral blood = enhances general health
- lower mitogen response in T cells from payer's patches = decrease in local inflammatory reaction
36
What might low fermentable fiber reflect?
bacterial translocation in the gut
37
Why is gut health so important?
~70% of the immune system is related to the GI tract
38
What happens in healing process is fully eliminated?
Not good - important for healing process (all about balance)
39
What is an example of omega 3 and its role?
EPA
| - less inflammatory substances (PG3, TX3, LT5)
40
What is an example of omega 6 and its role?
Arachidonic acid
| - more inflammatory substances (PG2, TX2, LT4)
41
PG
prostaglandins
42
TX
thromboxanes
43
LT
leukotrienes
44
What does fermentable fiber optimize?
GALT immune response
45
What provide large amounts of butyrate?
FOS and beet pulp
46
What are two benefits to FOS and beet pulp?
increased absorptive area and nutrient uptake
47
What is FOS' function?
increase beneficial bacteria and decrease pathogenic bacteria
48
What is MOS' function?
to provide alternative binding site for pathogens
49
What is a probiotic?
LIVE microorganism which when consumed in adequate amounts as part of a food confer a health benefit on the host
50
Culturally relevant probiotics around the world?
Kim chi and beer (things that are fermented)
51
Effects of pathogenic bacteria
pathogen --> detected by DCs --> systemic inflammatory signals --> increased inflammatory response of systemic tissues (GI/skin/brain/joints)
52
Role of probiotics?
To displace pathogens:
- probiotic --> lack of systemic pro-inflammatory signals --> no inflammatory response in systemic tissues (GI/skin/brain/joints)
- probiotic --> systemic anti-inflammatory signals --> systemic tissues --> decreased inflammatory response
53
Probiotics affect?
- skin/coat
- digestive system
- joint health
- immune health
54
Benefit of probiotic on skin/coat?
barrier function
55
Benefit of probiotic on digestive system?
- optimize microbial ecology
| - improve stool consistency
56
Benefit of probiotic on joint health?
- mobility
| - gut associated inflammation --> systemic inflammation
57
Benefit of probiotic on immune health?
- delayed type hypersensitivity (e.g. decrease in allergic response)
58
Important characteristics of successful probiotics?
- stability
- survivability
- ability to colonize
- species specificity
- anti-pathogen effects
- safety
- clinical efficacy
59
Probiotic stability
- withstand processing, storage (extrusion - high heat, pressure, moisture)
- survive passage to target site
- ability to adhere to mucosa, colonize tract
60
Probiotic survivability
At the end of shelf life, guaranteed X amount of live bacteria needs to be present
61
Probiotic ability to colonize
timing of colonization is important
| - frequency must be maintained
62
Probiotic species specificity
human probiotic given to a dog probably isn't effective
63
Probiotic anti-pathogen effects
able to compete with pathogen bacteria in colon
64
Probiotic clinical efficacy
- partial fermentation of fiber substrates
- anti-pathogen effects
- clinical results
- -> clinically relevant model:
- species specific
- targeted to improve specific conditions
65
When might it be a good idea to use a probiotic?
stressful or diarrhea conditions
66
Stressful conditions for an animal might include
- boarding
- food transition
- travel
- environment change (new home, visitors)
- performance (shows, field trials)
- surgery
67
Why is the use of probiotics with surgery useful?
Use of pre- and probiotics to maximize immune response animal is going to have and minimize pathogenic bacteria that may pose a threat
68
Common causes of acute diarrhea?
- diet induced (e.g. big change in protein)
- infectious
- parasites (which compromise guts immune response)
69
Common causes of chronic diarrhea?
malabsorptive or maldigestive
70
Are all probiotics created equal?
Analysis of labels and bacterial count to ensure what they were saying on label was substantiated
- list live microorganisms and expected bacterial counts
- only 2 studied had an effective label (Prostora by Iams and FortiFlora by purina)
71
Synbiotics
concurrent use of dietary probiotics with probiotic supplements
72
Shared microbiome
dog owners have more similar microbiome to other dog owners when compared to non-dog owners
- sharing microbiome with dog
73
True or false - propionate is an important VFA for GI health in dogs?
False
| - thrive on butyrate
74
Give 2 examples of probiotics and describe their characteristics
1. FOS - increases beneficial bacteria and decreases pathogenic bacteria
- pathogens are unable to metabolize FOS and use it as an energy source, while beneficial bacteria can
2. MOS - binds to pathogens and competes for attachment sites on the intestinal cell wall
- also provides alternate binding site for pathogens
75
Briefly describe the effects of fiber fermentability on colonic histology and provide an example of each type of fiber
poorly fermentable - results in cryptitis, inflammation of the crypts that prevents proper maturation of regenerating cells
E.g. cellulose
moderately fermentable - results in healthy villi with no areas of inflammation
E.g. beet pulp
Highly fermentable - results in increased exfoliation, when the cells of the villi slough off too early or quickly
E.g. pectin
76
Explain the phrase 'you are what you eat'
This refers to the fact that FAs are incorporated into our cell membranes therefore the omega ratio we consume is reflective of our dietary ratio
77
What does FOS stand for? General route of metabolism of FOS? What roles does the metabolite play?
a. fructooligosaccharide
b. FOS is a fiber that resists digestion and is fermented to form SCFAs, L-lactate, CO2, H
c. SCFAs provide energy to the beneficial bacteria, and inhibit pathogenic bacteria (through pH balance)
78
What is the importance of intestinal butyrate for dogs and how does this differ from other species?
enterocytes in the intestine actively use butyrate for energy and will therefore thrive on a butyrate rich diet
- other species' enterocytes typically use glucose or glutamine
79
True or false - dog diets that include prebiotic fiber will have an underestimated ME content?
True
80
Define dybiosis and identify the problem and significant of the problem associated with dysbiosis in dogs?
bacterial imbalance in the GI tract
- the problem is there are too many pathogenic bacteria in the upper small intestine
- the significance of this problem in dogs is that it is associated to chronic diarrhea
