Recommended energy/nutrient intakes for dogs/cats Flashcards
(250 cards)
1
Q
MR
A
minimal requirement
- minimal concentration or amount of a maximally bioavailable nutrient that will support a defined physiological state
- often absent from tables
2
Q
AI
A
Adequate intake
- minimal concentration or amount that results in NO animal being deficient or when no MR has been demonstrated
3
Q
RA
A
Recommended allowance
- based on MR, the RA considers the normal variation in bioavailability of nutrients in feed ingredients of typical quality
- if no MR available, use AI
4
Q
SUL
A
Safe upper limit
- maximal concentration or amount of a nutrient that has not been associated with adverse effects
5
Q
Which value is similar to AAFCO recommendations?
A
Recommended allowance
6
Q
What value is similar to AAFCO’s maximum level?
A
safe upper limit
7
Q
Use of which term is not accepted by many pet food experts?
A
SUL
8
Q
Table format - nutrient recommendations
A
- per kg dietary DM
- per 1000kcal ME/day
- per kg BW^0.75 (dog) and BW^0.67 (cat)
9
Q
Conditionally essential nutrients
A
Omega 6 FA - linoleic acid, arachidonic acid
Omega 3 FA - alpha-linolenic acid, EPA, DHA
10
Q
Major nutrient classes
A
- water
- protein
- fat
- carbs
- minerals
- vitamins
11
Q
Majority of nutrients that drive ingredients?
A
Macro and micro nutrients
12
Q
Source of water
A
- diet
- metabolic water
- drinking water
13
Q
Metabolic water
A
product of oxidation
14
Q
Drinking water
A
The key is proper management
15
Q
Water loss through?
A
Obligatory or facultative
16
Q
Obligatory water loss
A
- minimal for waste removal
- respiratory
17
Q
Facultative water loss
A
Kidney resorption
- controlling breakdown products from protein degradation and high levels of glucose = drink more
Faces
- diet dependent
- fiber –> gelling to sequester water (faster it moves, less water reabsorption)
Evaporation
- environment –> panting, condensation, evaporation, conduction
18
Q
When do dogs retain water?
A
When eating protein and carbohydrates
- carbs deposited as glycogen - attracts large amounts of water
- rapid fat loss = rapid water loss not fat
19
Q
Dogs adapt water intake in response to:
A
- body water stores (not in cats; dogs much better at detecting thirst and pre-programmed to drink)
- exercise (water = #1 limiting factor)
- food (linear correlation to intake)
- sodium intake –> drives urinary health and dilutes urine
20
Q
To conserve water, what adaptation do cats utilize?
A
Concentrate urine
- implicated in risk factor for feline lower urinary tract disease
21
Q
Increasing water (40%) and lowering energy density of cat feed is associated with?
A
increased exercise
22
Q
What is FLUTD
A
Feline lower urinary tract disease
- includes cats that have interstitial cystitis (IC) and other causes for a much lower % of cases
23
Q
FLUTD symptoms
A
- dysuria
- hematuria
- pollakuria
- periuria
24
Q
Which cat is most prone to FLUTD
A
neutered males
25
FLUTD risk factors
stress, diet matrix, obesity, decreased water intake
26
To help prevent FLUTD
- Use reverse osmosis water - lower mineral content
| - increase water intake --> wet food, trickling tap, fountain
27
painful/difficult urination
Dysuria
28
blood in urine
Hematuria
29
Excessive urination
Pollakiuria
30
Urination in inappropriate places
Periuria
31
Is energy a nutrient?
No, but is a characteristic of nutrients
32
What is energy essential for?
growth, maintenance, reproduction
33
Calorie
heat required to raise temperature of 1g of water from 16.5 to 17.5 degrees celsius
34
How many kj are in 1 kcal?
4.18
35
How many J of energy are in 100kcal of food?
100 x 4.18 = 418 kj x 1000 = 418,000
36
Which requirement tends to be tighter (mineral/energy)?
Mineral
E.g. general distribution for calcium in diets in dogs but another distribution in large breed dogs = lower calcium requirement
37
What is considered regarding net energy?
Gross energy + digestible energy + metabolizable energy = net energy for maintenance and production
- accounts for fecal, heat of fermentation (before DE), urinary, gas (before ME), heat increments of feeding losses (before NE)
38
Basis of feeding trials re equivalent to?
Proximate analysis (Atwater)
39
DE formula
DE = energy intake - energy in feces / energy intake x 100
- similar for protein, fat, fiber, organic matter
40
ME formula
ME = energy intake - energy in feces - energy in urine/energy intake x 1-00
41
What do we use to calculate ME of foodstuffs?
Modified Atwater factors
ME = (3.5 x g or protein) + (8.5 x g of fat) + (3.5 x g of NFE)
42
Net energy formula
NE = energy intake - energy in faces - energy in urine - HIF/energy intake x 100
43
What % NE is used for maintenance?
60-70%
44
Basis of energy requirement to support what?
basal metabolism win healthy animals at rest, in a post absorptive state and thermo-neutral environment
45
What % of NE is used for production?
up to 30%
46
What might change NE for maintenance?
- environmental temperature
- genetically predisposed to be on either end of energy distribution
- activity level
- pain (fever) = immune response (health status)
47
What do dos and cats used net energy production for?
activity, deposition of fat, reproduction
48
Adaptive thermogenesis - NE
```
Calorimetry, post partial response, genomics, proteomics, physical performance
(5-15%)
- variable, regulated by behaviour
- responds to environment
- responds to diet
```
49
Physical activity - NE
play motivation, physical activity, engagement
(20-35%)
-variable, related to behaviour
50
Obligatory or resting energy expenditure
Calorimetry, body composition, biomarkers, genomics, proteomics, physical performance
(60-70%)
- required for performance of basal metabolism
- controlled by body composition, age, gender, diet
51
Energy balance is equal to
energy ingested - energy expended
52
Positive energy balance leads to?
body gain in energy
53
Negative energy balance leads to?
body loss in energy
54
Energy balance = 0 means?
there is no gaining or losing
55
Energy balance is made up of which components?
RMR + voluntary activity + TEF + thermogenesis
56
Internal signals that affect energy intake
- gastric distension (dilute calories with fiber)
- physiological response to stimuli
- physiological satiety and hunger cues (different macronutrients stimulate release of different satiety hormones)
57
External signals that affect energy intake
- food availability
- timing/size of meals
- food composition
- texture
- palatability (can override satiety cues e.g. bag of chips)
58
Consumer perception regarding speed a pet eats their food
They must like it!
59
Challenges to predicting energy requirements
drastic differences in energy requirements between animals
60
Differences between animals that may affect energy requirements
- age (goes down)
- reproductive status (energy demanding)
- body condition (fatter - less food they need to maintain weight)
- activity level
- breed (body type, innate/genetics)
- temperament
- health status (immune response = energy demanding)
- environmental conditions (in homeotherms)
61
Metabolic body weight
the amount of energy that is used by the body is correlated with body surface area
-body surface area decreases as animal increases in size (e.g. elephants have lower metabolic rate vs. hummingbirds)
62
K in ME formula
```
# kcal animal requires to maintain body weight
K = constant x BW^0.67
```
63
relationship between BW, energy requirements and metabolic body weight?
BW and energy requirements are positively correlated (5x increase) but metabolic body rate is not
64
Exponent commonly used in animals that are geometrically similar?
0.67 - cats
65
Exponent commonly used in animals that are most heterogenous?
0.75 - dogs
66
Are energy requirements associated with lifespan?
Yes
67
Relationship between energy requirement and lifespan?
lower resting metabolic rate (kj/day) = longer lifespan
| - smaller animals = lower energy requirements = longer lifespan
68
ME requirement in dogs
ME = K x BW^0.75
Where k = energy constant
E.g inactive = 95
69
Which factors would lead to a larger K value in dogs?
active, younger, bigger, higher energy
70
What are the energy requirements of a 10kg inactive dog?
= 95 x 10^0.75
= 534 kcal of ME/day
--> total caloric intake for the day
71
Increased energy requirements for? (on top of maintenance)
- post weaned
- late gestation
- %BW weight gain
- lactation
- prolonged physical work
- decreased environmental temperature
72
As animal ages, what happens to energy requirement?
decreases
73
Cat ME formula
```
ME = K x BW
K = 50 for sedentary; 60 for active; 70 for very active
```
74
What happens to K value and exponent in overweight cat?
- k goes up, exponent goes down = reduced metabolic rate
75
BCS for lean cat
less than or equal to 5 on 9 point scale
76
BCS for overweight cat
greater than 5 on 9 point scale
77
What products require a calorie consent statement?
dog/cat food, treats and supplements excludes chews
78
Why are individual requirements overestimated?
- so much variation between animals
| - better to be over - if dog/cat gains weight just lower amount given
79
Why do cats have higher protein requirement compared to dogs?
to maintain gluconeogenesis
| - obligatory breakdown of protein producing more nitrogen
80
Does more protein indicate better quality
NO - quantity does not equal quality
81
What makes up protein?
300 naturally occurring AA but only 22 are found in protein
| 20 plus selenocysteine and selenomethionine
82
How many indispensable (essential) AA in dogs/cats
10
- arginine
- histidine
- isoleucine
- leucine
- valine
- lysine
- methionine
- phenylalanine
- tryptophan
- threonine
BUT methionine --> cysteine and phenylalanine --> tyrosine
83
What are dietary AA required for?
- building and maintaining tissue (muscle, bone, skin, hair, hooves, adipose tissue)
- synthesize enzymes
- synthesize blood constituents
- synthesize some hormones
- synthesis of other metabolites
- yield energy
84
Pet food companies have moved away from AAFCO feeding studies to demonstrate?
"complete and balanced"
| - to make this claim --> all AAFCO recommendations must be met or exceeded
85
Why does AAFCO vary from NRC?
AAFCO accounts for bioavailability, quality and digestibility
- AAFCO requirement is always higher
86
How did NRC determine protein requirement?
reviewed empirical measurement of AA requirements
| - no studies in adult animals, extrapolation of growth data
87
How are most estimates regarding protein requirements in dogs and cats made?
Using growth or nitrogen balance in growing dogs
- nitrogen balance requires longer adaptation to diet to significantly change the whole pool of nitrogen
- growth studies note differences in growth rate and lean deposition, but cannot compensate for adaptation mechanisms in AA efficiency
- the requirement for lean deposition may be different than for maintenance, gestation, lactation, exercise, disease, geriatric animals
88
Why in AAFCO good?
makes recommendations for all nutrients supplied to cats/dogs and ultimately represents the state of organizations regulating the scale of commercial and animal feeds
- these minimums prevent deficiency in AAs when any ingredient is used
89
Terminal output of AA can only occur via oxidation through its respective catabolic pathway where:
- the carbon backbone enters the TCA cycle or is conserved through conversion to fat or glucose
- the nitrogen is excreted via urine in urea
90
AAFCO protecting against?
PROTEIN QUALITY
| - digestibility and absorption
91
What can change body protein?
growth, dietary deficiency, disease, aging, exercise (resistance; not just walking/running)
92
What does AA intake control?
protein synthesis
93
what happens to excess protein?
it is catabolized (broken down)
94
Protein quality depends on?
- protein content
- AA composition
- AA digestibility and availability
95
The more I eat, the more protein I make (true or false)
True - if single AA, total protein or energy are deficient
| False - if these nutrients are adequate or greater in the diet
96
Under what conditions does lean tissue increase in size?
- growth
- resistance training
- anabolic steroid use
- pregnancy
- lactation
97
What does nitrogen balance of zero mean?
nitrogen intake = nitrogen excretion
98
What does positive nitrogen balance mean?
when nitrogen intake > nitrogen excretion
99
What does negative nitrogen balance mean?
when nitrogen intake
100
Physiological/nutritional stage associated with zero nitrogen balance?
maintenance and no indispensable AA deficiency
101
Physiological/nutritional stage associated with positive nitrogen balance?
growth, gestation or deposition of lean body mass (e.g. resistance exercise), recovery illness and no indispensable AA deficiency
102
Physiological/nutritional stage associated with negative nitrogen balance?
severe disease/injury, urinary nitrogen loss during renal failure, inadequate nutrition or a limitation in an indispensable AA
103
How much protein is required for maintenance?
50-150mg protein/kg body mass
| - recommended is 90mg/kg
104
Effects of dietary protein
- dietary protein may help to maintain lean body mass (however, the loss of lean body mass is at least partly due to aging)
- increasing dietary protein density (and therefore dietary AA) --> quadratic response in both breakdown and synthesis, and no change in balance
105
Explain the limiting AA theory
body protein = water in barrel
1. Wheat - lys only 50% synthesized and remaining AA are catabolized
2. add complementary AA profile (e.g. rice and beans) = wheat + Lys-HCl
- now threonine is limiting = protein synthesis is still not optimized
3. addition of threonine = wheat + Lys-HCl + threonine
- ideal protein = requirements are matched (e.g. milk)
106
How is the target of an ideal protein reached?
Adding synthetic AAs to improve and optimize protein quality
107
Minimal protein requirement ensures
nitrogen balance can be achieved and maintained
108
What does recommended allowance for protein take into account?
that nitrogen balance can be achieved at a wide range of protein intakes
109
Where does the adequate intake for protein fall between?
the MR and RA and is estimated from the quality of each AA in the digestible protein of commercial, dry diets that were known to support normal maintenance when no MR was defined
110
When using a poor quality protein, what happens to the quantity being provided?
need to provide more
111
When is protein quality important?
- young age (total food intake isn't as high)
- elderly (digestibility reduced)
- low food intake (surgery)
- disease states (physiology is a limiting factor - e.g. kidney disease)
--> require digestible and really good AA profiles
112
What predicts LBM changes in geriatric cats?
Lys-ME ratio
- lean tissue vs. CP% = no association with LBM and protein intake
- lean tissue vs. Lys = lysine was associated with change in LBM (AA are what control this not total protein)
113
What is a product used to drive Met intake?
corn gluten (very imbalanced in terms of AA content)
114
Differences in CP digestibility?
meat and bone meal are less digestible (bone/collagen)
115
which is less digestible - beef or chicken?
beef
| -poultry is leaner and contains less cartilage
116
Nitrogen retention in cats - animal derived protein vs. vegetable protein
animal derived proteins result in greater nitrogen retention than vegetable proteins
- cats are obligate carnivores
117
What can affect protein digestibility and availability?
DIGESTIBILITY - compounds such as fiber that bind to AA and make them unavailable for absorption in the GI tract or increase the requirement for an AA because the gut utilizes more of that AA
METABOLIC AVAILABILITY - compounds that can be absorbed but may not be able to be used for protein synthesis (e.g. lysine that has undergone Maillard reaction - cooking increases Maillard)
COMPETITIVE INHIBITION - when compound is fed in excess and perturbs the absorption, transport of metabolism of another compound (e.g. minerals all interact, too much --> inhibits something else - Arg and Lys compete for the same transporter)
118
Affect of fiber on GI tract
high fiber --> bigger GI
| - increases viscosity, less enterocytes used, more collocates used --> decreased digestibility
119
Important to have data on the following, in order to determine the exact amount of metabolizable protein in a given ingredient and use these to formulate optimum diets for dogs/cats
- the amount of protein present
- the AA profile of that protein
- the relative amounts of anti-nutritional factors and their effects on digestibility and metabolic availability
120
What %fat is common for an adult maintenance diet for dogs?
5-13%
121
What %fat is common in growth, gestation, lactation and performance for dogs?
20%
122
Why do cats have a higher fat content?
to make up for lack of carbs
123
Dietary lipid functions
- concentrated energy source (2.25x that of carbs/protein)
- source of EFAs
- aid in fat soluble vitamin absorption (A,D,E,K)
- increase palatability and texture
- structural function of membranes (fluidity based on degree of saturation)
- precursor of eicosanoids
- energy storage
124
What is the result of too much fat?
rancidity, disintegration, transfer from kibble
125
Four classes of lipids
1. simple lipids
2. compound lipids
3. derived lipids
4. sterols
126
Simple lipids
esters of fatty acids and various alcohols
| - fats (triglycerides), oils, waxes
127
Compound lipids
esters of fatty acids containing non-lipid substances
| - phospholipids (groups of phosphorus), lipoproteins (lipid+protein), glycoprotein (lipid + carb)
128
Derived lipid
substances derived from hydrolysis of simple and compound lipids
- only in animal tissue
- fatty acids, glycerol, other alcohols (e.g. triacylglycerol)
129
Sterols
lipids with complex ring structures
| - cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, bile acids
130
Fatty acid nomenclature based on:
- chain length
- degree of saturation
- orientation of double bonds (usually cis, but trans exists)
131
Degree of saturation refers to
number of double bonds
| - more unsaturated = more DBs
132
A:Bn-C
```
A = number of C atoms
B = number of double bonds
C = position of DB relative to methyl (omega) carbon
```
133
Why is nomenclature important?
omega 3:6 ratio
```
6 = inflammatory
3 = anti-inflammatory
```
134
what does it mean to hydrogenate fat?
make it harder
135
Saturated fat
no double bonds (hydrogen is saturating every carbon)
136
Unsaturated fat
1 or more double bonds
137
Polyunsaturated fat
two or more double bonds
138
What is important to consider when including saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats into feed?
The more unsaturated = more double bonds --> the more unstable
- turnover and freshness is important!
139
Dietary sources of lipids?
plant origin and animal origin
140
Plant source of lipids
1. Oilseeds - soybean, canola, sunflower
- medium chain length
- unsaturated
2. grains - corn
3. tropical - coconut, palm
- short chain length
- saturated
141
Animal source of lipids
1. mammals - tallow, animal fat, pro fat
- medium chain length
- saturated and monounsaturated
2. marine - fish oils
- long chain length
- unsaturated
142
Sources of fatty acids
1. linolenic acid (18:3n-3)
2. linoleic acid (18:3n-6)
3. long chain PUFA
143
Examples of linolenic acid (omega 3)
flaxseed, soybean, canola
144
Examples of linoleic (omega 6)
safflower, sunflower, corn, flaxseed (linseed)
145
Examples of long chain PUFAs
EPA, DHA, DPA
146
Which contains more consistent ingredients (meat or vegetable)?
Vegetable is more consistent in nutritional content
147
Fatty acid synthesis in mammals
Most can synthesize saturated FAs from glucose/AAs
- high enzymes: high carb, low fat diets
- suppressed enzymes: high fat diets (down regulates)
148
can omega 3 be converted to omega 6?
No
149
Can cats elongate and desaturate fatty acids toward the carboxyl end?
No
150
Where is arachidonic found?
only animal sources
151
What are omega 3 and 6 competing over?
enzymatic pathways
- elongation and desaturation
- cats are low or lack these enzymes
152
NRC canine FA recommendation
6: 3 ratio for puppies = 2.6:1 to 16:1
6: 3 ratio for adults = 2.6:1 to 26:1
HUGE allowance range
153
Higher 6:3 ratio would be used in
healthy, no problem diets
154
Lower 6:3 ratio would be used in
inflammatory conditions
155
What would the ideal 6:3 ratio be?
8-12:1
| - sometimes can't be optimized due to cost
156
NRC kitten FA recommendation
EPA should not exceed 60% of total EPA and DHA
157
Increased ? is advised with increased EPA and DHA?
antioxidants
158
What are omega 6's important for?
skin health, blood clotting
159
When adding ingredients, what is important to consider?
ratios, not absolute value
160
NRC adult cat FA recommendation
NO DATA
| - keep EPA 20% or below total EPA and DHA
161
How are feline FA requirements usually met?
inclusion of fat
162
What is the most present starch in food?
carbohydrates
163
What kind of carbohydrate should be avoided in dogs
disaccharides and xylitol
164
What is a quick source of energy?
carbohydrates
165
What do carbohydrates provide in a feed?
The puffiness (palatability)
166
When considering fiber, what are 2 important aspects?
fermentability and GI health
167
Classes of carbohydrates?
1. sugars
2. complex carbs
3. fibers (resistant starch)
168
Examples of sugars
glucose, fructose, galactose --> rapid increase in blood glucose (minutes)
169
Where are complex carbs found?
cereal grains
| e.g. amylose used for gelling
170
What is fiber?
indigestible plant material
| - cannot be enzymatically broken down (only fermented)
171
Why is grain used as carbohydrate and to puff kibble?
produced in mass - cheap
| - and there is a large amount of the population that buys on cost alone
172
Carb digestion (fast vs. slow)
rapidly digested starch has high post-predial glucose (and insulin) peak compared to slowly digested starch
influx of glucose from digestive tract --> blood --> release of insulin --> uptake of glucose by muscle
173
Which is the largest muscle that uses glucose?
muscles
174
Which university invented the glycemic index?
university of Toronto
175
Rice and glucose response
high glucose/insulin response
176
Sorghum and glucose response
low glucose/insulin response
177
Barley and glucose response
high glucose response but low insulin response (B-glucan)
178
Why are carbohydrate blends recommended?
moderate GI
179
when are high glycemic index carbs useful?
athletes post intense activity (plus protein to rebuild glycogen stores and tissue) and development (puppies/kittens)
180
when are low glycemic index carbs useful?
weight management, elderly
181
Glucose in cats
Low hexokinase activity - slow disappearance of glucose
182
What is the goal regarding carbohydrates?
keep GI low after meal
183
What are the benefits of using blends?
beyond carbs, brings in a lot of other nutrients (antioxidants, vitamins, minerals)
184
Fiber digestion
escape enzymatic digestion in small intestine and enters cecum and large intestine for microbial fermentation
185
end products of fiber digestion
short chain fatty acids (aka volatile fatty acids)
- propionate (3 carbons) --> gluconeogenesis in liver --> glucose
- butyrate (4 carbons) --> enters TCA in liver to provide energy; important in gut health
- acetate (2 carbons) --> enters TCA in liver (and periphery) to provide energy
186
Is the energy obtained from fiber included in energy density calculation?
No
| -hard to decipher good quality from bad (fermentable vs. non-fermentable)
187
Characteristics of fructans, galactans, mannans, mucilages
- rapidly fermented
- soluble
- involved in TDF analysis
- not involved in CF analysis
188
Characteristics of pectin
- rapid/moderate fermentation
- soluble
- included in TDF analysis
- not included in CF analysis
189
Characteristics of hemicellulose
- moderate/slow fermentation
- insoluble
- included in TDF analysis
- some included in CF analysis
190
Characteristics of cellulose
- slow fermentation
- insoluble
- included in TDF analysis
- included in CF analysis
191
Characteristics of lignin
- not fermented
- insoluble
- not included in TDF analysis
- included in CF analysis
192
What do soluble/fermentable fibres promote?
- increased digest viscosity
- decreased gastric emptying (slows rate of transport)
- increased satiety (eat less/better control)
- reduced rate of glucose absorption (due to gelling)
- promotion of gut commensal bacterial growth (bacteria present in the small intestine as well, but more in the lg)
193
Examples of soluble fibres?
beet pulp and rice brain
194
What do non-fermentable fibres promote?
- may decrease gastric transit time (goes through faster - good for weight loss, constipation)
- dilutes energy density
- increases fecal bulk and moisture
195
Examples of non-fermentable fibres?
cellulose, peanut hulls
196
Examples of insoluble fibres and their fermentation index
cellulose = 0.2
| oat fiber = 0.4
197
Examples of soluble fibres and their fermentation index
guar gum = 7.3
| FOS = 5.7
198
Characteristics of a normal colon
great SA, folding and muscle
| - diet consisting of moderately fermentable fiber
199
Colon outcomes when animal is fed non-fermentable diet for a long period of time
less SA, muscle and absorptive ability
200
"High fiber" leads to
- increased stool volume
- increased stool frequency
- decreased stool quality
- decreased availability of nutrients (faster it goes, less time for absorption)
- decreased skin/coat quality
201
FOS
Fructooligosaccharide
- feeds "good" bacteria in gut
- close tog gut wall and prevents "bad" bacteria from getting close
202
MOS
Mannanoligosaccharide
- sticks to the "bad" bacteria in the gut
- inhibits their attachment in the gut lining
- carries them out in feces
203
When should FOS and MOS be used?
compromised immune system of the gastrointestinal tract
204
Fermentable fiber promotes
- healthy mucosa
- microbial balance (good bacteria)
- improved digestion
- nutrient absorption
- healthy defences (improving immune system)
205
Where is 70% of a pet's immune system found?
within the digestive tract
206
What is considered the largest immune organ?
the GI tract
207
What are vitamin/mineral requirements generally based on?
Essentiality type studies
208
Why is stating sufficiency/deficiency not good enough?
Not a requirement
- requirement studies need to be done in order to define where empirical requirements are (define a number with a confidence interval)
209
Water soluble vitamins
B vitamins and vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
210
Fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
211
NRC values vs. AAFCO values
AAFCO requirements are higher to account for bioavailability differences
212
What are antioxidants
responsible for negating free radicals
213
Path free radicals take
ingested/produced --> decrease immune response, linked to DNA damage --> cancer, arthritis, cataracts
214
What is one reason for should be used ASAP?
Lipids oxide and antioxidants are lost in shelf life
215
What are examples of antioxidants
vitamin E, B-carotene, lutein
216
What is important to consider with mineral inclusion
BALANCE
217
Ca:P ratio for dogs/puppies
1. 4:1 - absolute value must be adjusted for large and giant breed puppies
- grow for much longer amount of time, if the ratio is too high --> osteo/bone problems
218
Ca:P for cats/kittens
1.1:1
219
Are dogs fed a complete and balanced diet at risk of water soluble vitamin deficiency?
Not commonly
220
What are the exceptions to avoiding water soluble vitamin deficiency when fed a complete and balanced diet?
- thiamin deficiency can occur when dogs/cats that eat a large amount of raw fish
- biotin deficiency can occur when dogs/cats eat a large amount of raw eggs
- B6 requirements are correlated with dietary protein
- giant schnauzers have a genetic inherited disorder that causes malabsorption of B12
221
What has happened to vitamin A and D maximum levels over time?
They have come down drastically
222
Why might the decline in vitamin A and D maximums be a problem?
vitamin D is rich and fish and vitamin A (liver)
- animals really like the taste of liver
- probably the reason there are not fish only diets on the market
223
What must a feed company do in order to be considered "complete and balanced"
comply with AAFCO requirements or run an AAFCO feeding trial
224
What % of owners are preparing homemade diets for their pets?
3-5%
- 70% use a recipe, 30% do not
- 63% dog owners use raw bones/meat
225
What is the problem with raw bones?
splintering/perforation
226
Ca:P ratio - homemade diet
0.82 +/- 0.5
227
Vitamin D - homemade diet
332 +/- 428
| - often times doesn't include fish
228
Vitamin E - homemade diet
19. 25 +/- 38.65
| - antioxidants???
229
Concerns with raw
- liver - excess vitamin A
- raw eggs - biotin binding
- raw fish - thiamin deficiency
- bones - calcium deficiency, tooth fractures, GI perforation
- bacterial contamination potential
230
Who should not be feeding raw diet to their pets?
- autoimmune disorders
- young children
- pregnant
- elderly
231
Why should young animals not be fed raw diets?
- immature immune system
| - deficient in antioxidants
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AAFCO guarantees for sugar and starch
AAFCO looking to allow maximum % guarantees for sugars and dietary starch on dog/cat food labels to provide meaningful info to the consumer
- lab methods needed to verify guarantees not validated to date
- cannot effectively make a carbohydrate claim - it cannot be guaranteed
233
What is sugar used as?
a palatant, dogs like it
| - but its an expensive starch
234
What are some internal/external signals affecting energy intake?
internal = gastric distention, physiological response to stimuli, physiological satiety cues (insulin), physiological hunger cues (glucagon)
external = food availability, timing and size of meals, food composition, texture, palatability
235
Water intake is regulated in dogs by?
thirst response to body water stores and exercise, diet (protein and carbs help to retain water), sodium intake
236
Water intake is regulated in cats by?
cannot regular water intake but adapt to dehydration better by concentrating their urine
237
What is the difference between minimal requirement and adequate intake?
AI = minimal amount fed leading to no deficiencies (when no MR has been demonstrated)
MR = the minimal concentration of maximally bioavailable nutrient to support the animal's physiological state
238
How can the feeding of raw diets affect humans?
The raw food could bring in diseases due to bacterial contamination
- people especially at risk are elderly, young and those with autoimmune diseases
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What are 3 qualities that carbohydrates provide in the diet?
1. energy - quick source of energy
2. texture - makes kibble "fluffy", increases palatability
3. fiber - fermentability, improves GI health
240
True or false - most mammals (except cats) can elongate and desaturate fatty acids toward the methyl end?
False
| - towards the carboxyl end, NOT the methyl end
241
What are some specific nutrient concerns when comparing composition of homemade diets with commercial diets?
- low vit. D levels suggest no fish ingredients (therefore probably not getting any DHA/EPA)
- low vit. E levels suggesting poor antioxidant levels
- feeding liver --> excess vit. A
- feeding raw eggs --> binds to biotin and makes it unavailable for absorption
- feeding bones --> potential for calcium deficiency due to mineral imbalance
242
Provide reasoning for why high quality diets may have higher metabolizable energy (ME) content than what is calculated and listed on the label?
High quality diets may use more high quality fermentable fiber
- these fibres will produce SCFAs/volatile FAs which can provide up to 10% of the animal's energy requirements
- fiber is not included in the ME calculations, therefore energy harvested from the high quality fermentable fibres will cause the true ME content to exceed the calculated ME content
243
What 2 enzymes are either low or missing in can in the elongation/desaturation of n-3's and 6's?
delta-6 desaturase and delat-5 desaturase
244
True or false - vegetable proteins are more consistent in nutrient content than animal sources?
True
| - the nutrient content of animal sources is more subject to what they consume themselves
245
What 3 pieces of information would be ideal to know given an ingredient in order to determine its exact amount of metabolizable protein?
1. the amount of protein present
2. the amino acid profile of the protein
3. the relative amounts of anti-nutritional factors and their effects on digestibility and metabolic availability
246
True or false - increasing fiber intake will increase water intake in cats?
False
- cats are nearly incapable of determining water balance
- an increase in fiber in dogs does lead to increased water consumption
247
When reading the ingredient list on a feed what is the significance of the placement of salt in regard to other nutrients?
Salt is usually the divide between macro and micronutrients with those ingredients listed after salt at
248
What are the four classes of lipids, explain and give an example of each
1. simple lipids - esters of fatty acids and various alcohols
E.g. waxes, oils
2. Compound lipids - esters of FAs containing non-lipid substances
E.g. phospholipids, lipoproteins
3. Derived lipids - substances derived from hydrolysis of simple and compounds lipids
E.g. fatty acids, glycerol
4. Sterols - lipids with complex ring structures
E.g. cholesterol, bile acids
249
Why is there a need to use multiple protein sources in a pet food, compared to just one single protein sources? (in what life stage is this especially important?)
- achieve balanced AA content
Limiting AA Theory
- one protein doesn't alway provide a complete AA profile
- combination of protein sources
This is very important especially in growing (developmental) life stages, during lactation and gestation
- highly demanding in order to
- -> lay down lean muscle tissue
- -> protein deposition into milk
- -> maternal protein deposition of body stores to support fetuses
250
What are some challenges to determining energy requirement of you pet?
1. age - depending on what stage of development the animal is in, largely dictates their nutrient requirements
E.g. a puppy who is growing would have higher energy requirements compared to a senior dog
2. breed - whether the animal is large or small can influence energy requirements
E.g. a chihuahua's energy requirements are going to be much smaller than a great danes
3. environmental conditions - if it is very cold or very hot, the animal needs to expend energy to either shiver or pant (sweat) in order to maintain thermoregulation
E.g. a husky in the arctic is going to have a higher energy requirement than a beagle in a heated/air conditioned home
4. Activity level - expending energy during exercise increases the energy demand of the diet
E.g. a dog that is walked 2-3 times/day will have a higher energy requirement than a dog that lays inside all day
