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Physiology > GI - Intro > Flashcards

GI - Intro Flashcards

1
Q

gut fxn

A

acquire fuel to make ATP
get water
get electrolytes
get raw materials for construction

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2
Q

gut processes

A

movement
secretion
digestion
absorption

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3
Q

gut regulated processes

A

movement

secretion

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4
Q

GI SM RMP

A

slow waves

frequency diff in diff areas (3 - stomach, 12 - duo, 8 - colon)

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5
Q

interstitial cells of cajal (ICC) location

A

between long and circular muscle layers

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6
Q

interstitial cells of cajal (ICC) fxn

A

nonneural pacemakers from stomach and intestine

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7
Q

slow wave RMP benefits

A

synchronize muscle contractions (contractions only occur at crests)

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8
Q

peristalsis steps

A
  1. bolus distends gut
  2. stretch stimulates interneurons - inhibit (relax) downstream - excite (contract) upstream
  3. MP becomes more depolarized
  4. AP happens as slow wave hits (crest)
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9
Q

mucosa

A

innermost layer of GI tube

specialized along length

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10
Q

layers of mucosa

A

mucous membrane
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa

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11
Q

mucous membrane fxn

A

protective surface
secretion
absorption

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12
Q

mucous membrane cell type

A

epithelium

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13
Q

lamina propria cell types

A 
CT
small blood vessels
lymph vessels
nerve fibers
MALT (immune)
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14
Q

muscularis mucosa cell type

A

SM

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15
Q

muscularis mucosa fxn

A

change folding to inscrease SA exposed to lumen

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16
Q

submucosa cell types

A

CT
larger blood vessels
submucosal (meissner’s) plexus

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17
Q

muscularis externa layers

A

inner circular muscle
myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus
outer longitudinal muscle

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18
Q

outer longitudinal muscle fxn

A

shorten

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19
Q

inner circular muscle fxn

A

lengthen

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20
Q

myenteric (Aurbach’s) plexus location

A

between inner circular muscle and outer longitudinal muscle

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21
Q

serosa fxns

A

secrete fluid - make slippery

attach to body wall (mesentery)

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22
Q

mesentery fxns

A

suspend organs from inner wall like sling

adhesions inhibit mvmt

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23
Q

GI innervated by

A

ANS (extrinsic)

enteric nervous system (ENS - intrinsic)

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24
Q

ANS stim (para vs symp)

A

Para - stim motor and secretory activity

Symp - inhibit GI secretion and motility; constrict blood vessels

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25
Q

ENS components

A

myenteric plexus

submucous plexus

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26
Q

myenteric plexus fxn

A

exert control over motility

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27
Q

submucous plexus fxn

A

sense lumen environment
regulate GI blood flow
control epi fxn (secretion)

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28
Q

excitatory (contraction) GI NTs

A

ACh

Sub P

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29
Q

inhibitory (relaxation) GI NTs

A

NO
VIP
ATP

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30
Q

sensory NTs

A

serotonin (5-HT)

31
Q

saliva fxns

A 
lubrication of food
prevent food apiration
initiating digestion
neutralize gastric acid
minimize tooth decay
32
Q

saliva: digestion

A 
alpha amylase (cleaves 1,4-glycosidic bonds in starch)
lingual lipase
33
Q

saliva: antibacterials

A

IgA, lysozome, lactoferrin

34
Q

lysozyme fxn

A

attack bacterial cell wall

35
Q

lactoferrin fxn

A

chelates iron that micro-org needs for growth

36
Q

salivary secretion cells

A

acinar cells

duct cells

37
Q

acinar cells fxn

A

secrete initial salica
water, electrolytes and organic molecules (amylase)
resemble plasma in ion concentration/tonicity

38
Q

myoepithelial cells

A

contract to secrete saliva

39
Q

acinar transport (lumen side)

A
  1. K into lumen
  2. Cl/HCO3 cotransport into lumen
  3. Na comes into lumen paracellularly
40
Q

acinar tranport (blood side)

A
  1. Na/K ATPase maintain Na gradient (Na into blood, K into cell)
  2. Cl/K/Na cotransport from blood to cell
41
Q

salivary duct cell fxns

A

make modifications
reabsorb Na and Cl
add K and HCO3
saliva becomes hypotonic (remove more ions than add)

42
Q

hormone that accentuates duct cell action

A

aldosterone

43
Q

salivary secretion regulation (type)

A 
neural only
(aldosterone only modifies saliva)
44
Q

salivary secretion regulation (parasympathetic)

A

major controller
stimulates salivary secretion
stimulates myoepithelial cells
vasodilation in surrounding blood vessels

45
Q

salivary secretion regulation (sympathetic)

A

constrict blood flow

similar effects of para but transient, less pronounced

46
Q

salivary secretion (para) mechanism

A

Ach
muscarinic cholinergic receptors
IP3 and increased Ca

47
Q

salivary secretion (symp) mechanism

A

NE
beta receptors
cAMP

48
Q

things that increase salivary secretion

A

food (sight, smell, taste, thought, chewing, spicy/sour tasting)
vomiting
smoking

49
Q

things that decrease salivary secretion

A

sleep
fear
dehydration
fatigue

50
Q

medical events that alter saliva composition

A

sjogrens
CF
post-radiation of head/neck

51
Q

age changes to oral cavity

A

less saliva

taste bud atrophy

52
Q

esophagus fxns

A

transfer food to stomach
isolate GI tract from outside
prevent reflux of gastric contents

53
Q

esophagus musculature

A

upper 1/3 - skeletal

lower 2/3 - SM

54
Q

esophagus layers

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

55
Q

esophageal sphincters (+ control)

A

upper - under voluntary control (contains sk muscle)

lower - regulated by ANS/ENS

56
Q

GI tone

A

SM in GI walls maintains constant level of contraction

57
Q

fxn of GI tone

A

keep P on contents

prevent overextension

58
Q

types of digestive motility

A

propulsive movements

mixing movements

59
Q

propulsive movements

A

propel contents at various speeds (eso: fast, SI: slow)

60
Q

mixing movements

A

mix w/ digestive juices

expose contents to absorptive surfaces

61
Q

pressure in pharynx leads to

A

pressure receptors send impulses to swallowing center (in medulla) which initiates the swallowing reflex@ pharynx and upper esophagus

62
Q

how food stays out of nasopharynx

A

movement of soft palate + contraction of superior constrictors

63
Q

contraction of superior constrictors –> ?

A

initiate peristaltic wave

64
Q

actions of pharyngeal phase

A

close nasopharynx
propel food down into esophagus
UES relaxes
peristaltic wave

65
Q

time in pharyngeal phase

A

< 1 second

66
Q

time in esophageal phase

A

5 - 10 seconds

67
Q

actions of esophageal phase

A

bolus passes through UES, sphincter constricts
primary peristalsis goes down esophagus
LES relaxes early
secondary peristalsis may occur to remove residual material

68
Q

esophageal musculature innervation

A

vagus nerve

striated: somatic motor fibers of vagus
smooth: visceral motor fibers of vagus (to myenteric plexus)

69
Q

LES actions

A

maintains tonic closure
augmented reflex closure
relaxes upon swallowing

70
Q

LES innervations

A

tonic closure: myogenic/neurogenic factors

relaxation: vagally mediated inhibition (NO)

71
Q

achalasia

A

LES fails to relax
difficulty swallowing
possible aspiration

72
Q

achalasia mechanism

A

neuronal loss in myenteric plexus b/c myenteric fibrosis

particularly NO/VIP neurons

73
Q

age changes to esophagus

A 
stiffer
muscle deterioration
slower, weaker peristalsis
less resting P of LES
higher chance of reflux

Physiology (22 decks)

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