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GI (p2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Taste buds (receptor type)

A

chemoreceptors

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2
Q

nerve responsible for taste and smell

A

olfactory nerve 1

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3
Q

three salivary glands

A

submandibular (front jaw)
sublingual
parotid (jaw end)

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4
Q

lower esophageal sphincter is also called the

A

hiatus

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5
Q

primary peristalsis

A

occurs after swallowing

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6
Q

secondary peristalsis

A

if bolus becomes lodged then increase in smooth muscle pressure contracts and moves food

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7
Q

involuntary swallow phase at level of esophagus is innervated by

A

vagus nerve 10

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8
Q

nervous system responsible for intestinal movements and peristalsis

A

myenteric plexus

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9
Q

outer GI nervous system

A

myenteric plexus

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9
Q

inner GI nervous system

A

submucosal plexus

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10
Q

nervous system responsible for intestinal secretions and local blood flow

A

submucosal plexus

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11
Q

parasympathetic nervous system stimulates

A

increased secretions
increased motility
intestinal reflexes

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12
Q

sympathetic nervous system makes _____ happen in GI

A

gastric vasoconstriction
inhibits motility and secretions

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13
Q

low blood glucose stimulates

A

vagus nerve

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14
Q

high blood glucose slows

A

peristalsis and slows gastric emptying

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15
Q

parietal cells produce

A

hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

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16
Q

chief cells make

A

pepsinogen

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17
Q

g cells make

A

gastric acid

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18
Q

enterochromaffin cells contain

A

H2 receptors

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19
Q

D cells make

A

somatostatin

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20
Q

somatostatin can act as an

A

inhibitor of acid and pensinogen secretion

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21
Q

hydrochloric acid and pensin is stimulated by

A

acetylcholine, gastrin, and histamine

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22
Q

brunner’s glands make

A

alkaline mucous (protective)

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23
Q

alkaline mucous and glp 1 and CCk are made in the

A

small intestine

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24
haustra are
Haustra, which are pouch-like segments of the colon, fill with waste material (chyme) until they reach a certain capacity.
25
anaerobic bacteria are located in the
large intestine
26
connects the ileum to the cecum
ileocecal valve
27
lipopcytes are
star shaped and store lipids + vitamin A
28
sinusoids are
small capilaries between hepatocytes - linked with kupffer cells
29
kupffer cells contain
macrophages
30
ammonia is metabolized into
urea
31
fat soluble vitamins
A D E K
32
water soluble vitamins
C B complex
33
the liver cannot be
palpated in healthy people
34
what comes to the liver from the portal venous system from the GI?
2 liters of venous blood from the portal vein from the interior and superior mesenteric and splenic veins containing blood needing to be detoxified
35
the mesenteric and splenic vein connects from the GI to the
portal vein
36
CCK two main functions
stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion contracts gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum
37
ampulla of vater
where the pancreatic duct and common bile duct connect to attach to the duodenum
38
trypsin is
pancreatic enzyme which functions to digest amino acids
39
causes of mesenteric insufficiency
heart failure myocardial infarction colon cancer diabetes hypercoagulable states
40
mesenteric insufficiency is
ischemia to mesenteric arteries
41
GI ischemia chief concern is
increase in motility causing rapid fluid loss through diarrhea causing hypovolemic shock and rapid weight loss
42
vomiting center
emetic center of medulla
43
vomiting cranial nerves
5 - T 7 - F 9 - G 10 - V 12 - H
44
achalasia
upper esophageal sphincter fails to relax causing buildup of food in esophagus causing pain
45
occult blood
blood from intestines mixing into stools
46
causes of hyperosmotic diarrhea
saline cathartics (magnesium and sodium salts) lactase deficiency
47
biggest complication of UC
hemorrhage
48
biggest complication of crohn's
fistulas
49
crohn's stools
soft and loose, non bloody
50
UC stools
liquid bloody
51
UC location
begins in rectum, procedes to span to cecum
52
Crohn's location
terminal ileum with patchy involvement of cecum and beginning part of ascending colon
53
UC highest risk for
colon cancer
54
UC causes secondary
edema in rectum and sigmoid colon which can lead to abscess formation and bowel obstruction
55
cobblestone appearance
Crohn's
56
expected findings of Crohn's
steatorrhea thickened bowel wall severe malabsorption anemia decrease in B12 and Iron
57
hallmark sign of irritable bowel syndrome
persistent recurrent abdominal pain
58
fluctuation of estrogen and progesterone can lead to and or exacerbate
IBS
59
steatosis is also called
fatty liver
60
phase 1 reaction
chemical modification or inactivation of a substance by the liver (cyp 450 pathway)
61
phase 2 reaction
conversion from lipid soluble to water soluble glutathione
62
phase 3 reaction
a substance, its metabolites, or conjugates being secreted in bile
63
the prinipal cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular cancer in the world
viral hepatitis
64
principal reason for liver transplantation in adults
viral hepatitis
65
most deadly form of hepatitis
Hepatitis B
66
_____ is incomplete
hepatitis D and needs B to replicate
67
_____ causes chronic hepatitis
Hepatitis C
68
no vaccine available for
Hepatitis C
69
phase 1 of hepatitis
asymptomatic incubation
70
phase 2 of hepatitis
prodromal (preicteric) fatigue, anorexia, low grade fever, Jaundice - starts after 2 weeks of incubation
71
phase 3 of hepatitis
icteric 1-2 weeks after pericteric phase 2 lasts 2-6 weeks jaundice, pruitits liver is enlarged and tender
72
primary biliary cirrhosis is
autoimmune destruction of bile ducts resulting in biliary cirrhosis
73
biliary cirrhosis
destruction of small bile ducts in liver
74
primary biliary cirrhosis is
Intrahepatic biliary disorder
75
viral antigen used to test for hepatits A + B
HBsAg
76
what is used to determine viral load and marker for active HBV replication
HBV DNA
77
Hepatitis A antibiodies in serum
anti-HAV
78
pathway used to detoxify alcohol
microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
79
site where alcohol is detoxified in the cell
endoplasmic reticulum (microsomal ethanol oxidizing system)
80
ADH stands for
alcohol dehydrogenase
81
hepatitis E is most commonly seen in
organ transplant or immunosuppression
82
only form of hepatitis with no available vaccine
Hepatitis C
83

AMS (8 decks)

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