Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

GI Exam 1 > GI Pathology > Flashcards

GI Pathology Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Aphthous Ulcer

A

Canker sore
Very common, shallow, superficial mucosal ulceration –> painful and recurrent
Arises from stress or unknown and spontaneously resolves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fibroma

A

firm lump of reactive proliferation of squamous mucosa and underlying subepithelial fibrous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pyogenic Granuloma

A

polypoid red lesion composed of lobular reactive proliferation of capillaries (eruptive hemangioma)
Usually on gingiva of children, young adults, and pregnant women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Behcet Syndrome

A

recurrent aphthous ulcers with genital ulcers and uveitis

- due to immune complex vasculitis involving small vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Glossitis

A

inflammation of tongue, beefy-red appearance (can be seen in some vitamin deficiency states)
Red appearance is secondary to atrophy of papillae of tongue and thinning of mucosa
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome = iron-deficiency anemia, glossitis, esophageal dysphagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Geographic tongue

A

migratory map-like tongue appearance, focal loss of papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oral Herpes

A

vesicles involving oral mucosa that rupture resulting in shallow, painful red ulcers
due to HSV-1 –> primary in childhood but virus remains dormant in ganglia of trigeminal nerve!
- stress and sunlight can reactivate it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fordyce’s granules

A

heterotopic collections of sebaceous glands in oral cavity –> not normally in oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hairy Leukoplakia

A

White, confluent patches of hyperkeratosis on lateral sides of tongue –> doesn’t scrape off so you know its not candida
Occurs in immunocompromised individuals (can be secondary to EBV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Signature infections

A

indicate immunocompromised state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Squamous papilloma

A

exophytic papillary proliferation of squamous mucosa (related to HPV 6 and 11)
- can undergo malignant transformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Leukoplakia

A

white patch/plaque in oral cavity that cannot be scraped off

5-25% demonstrate precancerous squamous dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Erythroplakia

A

red, velvety patch in oral cavity that may be flat or eroded

much higher incidence of precancerous squamous dysplasia!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Actinic cheilitis

A

actinic keratosis of lip

some hyperkeratosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

malignant neoplasm of squamous cells lining oral mucosa
Tobacco and Alcohol = MAJOR risk factors, also oncogenic HPV is a rising risk factor
get a Field Cancerization –> local metastasis to cervical lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

A

benign neoplasm of vascular and fibrous tissue

- young male with epistaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sinonasal papilloma

A 
Schneiderian papillomas --> squamous or columnar epithelial proliferation
3 Types
1. Exophytic
2. Inverted --> high rates of recurrence
3. Oncocytic (columnar)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

rare in USA, caused by EBV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Laryngitis

A

due to infections, smoking, alcohol or allergies

can lead to airway obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vocal cord nodule/polyp

A

overuse injury to vocal cord

hoarseness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Laryngeal squamous papilloma

A

benign papillary squamous neoplasm caused by HPV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Laryngeal carcinoma

A

95% squamous cell carcinoma
RISKS = smoking and alcohol, could also be HPV
- persistent hoarseness
- can metastasize to cervical lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Xerostomia

A

dry mouth due to decrease production of saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sialadenitis

A

inflammation of salivary glands

most commonly due to obstructing stone (sialolithiasis) –> leads to staph aureus infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Mucocele
either from blockage or traumatic injury to minor salivary gland --> fluid filled mucosal nodule with varying degrees of inflammation
26
Lymphoepithelial sialadenitis
Mikulicz disease autoimmune disease involving salivary glands --> may present as Sjogren's syndrome (dry mouth, eyes) Polyclonal lymphoid inflammation of salivary gland --> gland enlargement
27
Pleomorphic Adenoma
most common salivary gland tumor (parotid) presents as mobile, painless, circumscribed mass at angle of jaw high rate of recurrence --> extensions of small islands of tumor
28
Warthin Tumor
2nd most common salivary tumor --> parotid gland benign tumor that is well encapsulated (cystic) - abundant lymphocytes and germinal centers
29
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
most common malignant salivary tumor (parotid gland) | - composed of squamous and mucinous cells --> commonly involves facial nerve
30
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
slow growing, relentless salivary gland carcinoma with predilection for neural invasion BAD
31
Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula
abnormal communication between trachea and esophagus - most common = proximal esophageal atresia with distal fistula - presents with vomitting, polyhydramnios
32
Esophageal stenosis
can be congenital, but usually due to injury and inflammation from GERD
33
Esophageal Web
protrusions of mucosa that can cause obstruction (usually upper esophagus) - presents with dysphagia - increased risk for squamous cell carcinoma
34
Zenker's Diverticulum
outpouching of pharyngeal mucosa and submucosa --> false diverticulum arises above upper esophageal sphincter at junction of esophagus and pharynx
35
Achalasia
disease of esophagus characterized by incomplete lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation increased LES tone and decreased peristalsis - due to damaged ganglion cells in myenteric plexus Presentation - dysphagia of solids and liquids - putrid breath - high LES pressure on esophageal manometry - Bird-beak sign on barium swallow - increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma
36
Mallory Weiss Syndrome
longitudinal laceration of mucosa at gastroesophageal junction caused by severe vomitting (alcoholism) --> painful hematemesis Risk of Boerhaave syndrome
37
Booerhaave Syndrome
rupture of distal esophagus with pneumomediastinum
38
Esophageal Varices
dilated submucosal veins in lower esophagus --> arise secondary to portal HTN (L gastric vein backs up into esophageal vein resulting in dilation) - asymptomatic, but risk of rupture exists (painless hematemesis) - most common cause of death in cirrhosis
39
GERD
reflux of acid from stomach due to reduced LES tone Risks = alcohol, tobacco, obesity, fat-rich diet, caffeine, hiatal hernia Presentation - heartburn - asthma - damage to enamel of teeth - ulceration with stricture and Barrett esophagus
40
Hiatal hernia
results from separation of diaphragmatic crura and protrusion of stomach into thorax through defect
41
Eosinophilic esophagitis
esophageal biopsies show greatly increased eosinophilic inflammation (>20 eosinophils/HPF) could be related to food allergies
42
Barrett's Esophagus
metaplasia of lower esophageal mucosa from stratified squamous epithelium to nonciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells - result of chronic GERD (from acidic stress) - increased risk of glandular dysplasia and adenocarcinoma
43
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
adenocarcinoma most often (95%) arises from Barrett's esophagus --> located in distal 1/3 of esophagus
44
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant proliferation of squamous cells (upper and middle 1/3 of esophagus) Risk factors --> smoking, alcohol, injury, achalasia esophageal carcinoma presents late (poor prognosis)
45
Squamous papilloma
benign squamous neoplasm, strong association with HPV
46
Leiomyoma
most common benign mesenchymal tumor of esophagus
47
Esophagitis
due to candida, CMV, or Herpes Simplex | can be other causes as well (caustic agents, iatrogenic)
48
Gastroschisis
congenital malformation of anterior abdominal wall leading to exposure of gastric contents
49
Omphalocele
persistent herniation of bowel into umbilical cord --> due to failure of herniated intestines to return to body during development --> covered by peritoneum
50
Pyloric Stenosis
Congenital hypertrophy of pyloric smooth muscle - classically presents 2 weeks after birith with projectile non-bilious vomiting, visible peristalsis and olive-like mass in abdomen - treatment in myotomy
51
Acute Gastritis
- Acute neutrophilic damage to stomach mucosa - due to imbalance between defenses and acidic environment Causes 1. H. pylori infection 2. NSAIDs 3. Heavy alcohol consumption 4. Increased cranial pressure --> stimulates vagus --> increased acid production 5. Burns --> hypovolemia leads to decreased blood supply
52
Difference between erosion and ulceration
Erosion --> loss of superficial epithelium | Ulceration --> loss of mucosal layer
53
Chronic Gastritis
chronic inflammation of stomach mucosa (lymphocytes instead of neutrophils) Types 1. H. pylori (90%) 2. Autoimmune (10%)
54
H. pylori chronic gastritis
get acute and chronic inflammation findings in the antrum of stomach - H. pylori is urease and protease (+) that causes inflammation Presents with epigastric ab pain At risk for ulceration or adenocarcinoma Treatment --> TRIPLE THERAPY - Negative breath test and negative stool antigen test confirm eradication
55
Autoimmune chronic gastritis
Autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells in body and fundus - CD 4 T cell mediated immunity (Type IV) --> antibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor are found but not pathogenic - Clinical Features 1. atrophy of mucosa with intestinal metaplasia 2. achlorhydria with increased gastrin levels and G-cell hyperplasia 3. Megaloblastic anemia
56
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Solitary mucosal ulcer involving proximal duodenum (90%) or distal stomach (10%)
57
Duodenal Ulcer
H. pylori is the cause - presents with epigastric pain that improves with meals - diagnostic biopsy shows ulcer with hypertrophy of Brunner's glands - usually in anterior duodenum, but posterior location poses risk of rupture into gastroduodenal artery
58
Gastric ulcer
H. pylori or NSAID is cause - presents with epigastric pain that worsens with meals - lesser curvature of antrum --> ruptures carries risk of L gastric artery - can be caused by malignancy (large, irregular border, heaped up margins)
59
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
gastrinoma --> gastrin secreting tumor --> neuroendocrine tumor - elevated gastrin levels --> marked increase in parietal cell number and hyperplasia --> increased acid levels - treat with removal of tumor and PPI
60
Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Most common malignancy of stomach (90%) --> columnar cells - subclassified into intestinal type and diffuse type - Presents late with weight loss, ab pain, anemia, early satiety, acanthosis nigricans, Leser-Trelat sign - Sister-Mary Joseph sign (distant metastasis) - Virchow node
61
Intestinal gastric carcinoma
Presents as large, irregular ulcer with heaped up margins - most commonly involves lesser curvature or antrum Risk factors 1. intestinal metaplasia 2. nitrosamines 3. blood type A
62
Diffuse gastric carcinoma
Signet-ring cells --> diffusely infiltrate gastric wall | Desmoplasia --> thickening of stomach wall (linitis plastica)
63
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST)
can arise anywhere, but most likely it's the stomach - differentiate toward the interstitial cells of cajal - have oncogenic gain-of-function mutation in KIT
64
Carcinoid syndrome
cutaneous flushing, sweating, bronchospasm, colicky ab pain, diarrhea, right-sided valvular fibrosis

GI Exam 1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions