Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

year 3 drug list > GI PPT > Flashcards

GI PPT Flashcards

(142 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

name some antacids

A

magnesium tricilicate, aluminium/magnesium hyrdoxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

indications for antacids

A

GORD, dyspepsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

MOA of antacids

A

neutralise gastric acid. prolonged effect if taken after food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

side effects of antacids

A

diarrhoea (with magnesium salts), constipation (with aluminium salts), systemic alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

indications of alginates

A

dyspepsia, GORD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

name an alginate

A

alginic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

MOA of alginates

A

reacts with gastric acid to form a foam that sits on top of the gastric contents and prevents it from reaching oesophageal mucosa in reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

side effects of alginates

A

nausea, bloating, diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

name some H2 receptor antagonists

A

ranitidine, cimetidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

MOA of H2 receptor antagonists

A

Competitive inhibitors of histamine receptors on gastric parietal cells. This helps to reduce acid secretion and pepsin production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

indications of H2 receptor antgonists

A

GORD, dyspepsia, peptic ulcers, prophylaxis for NSAID associated peptic ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

side effects of H2 receptor antagonists

A

GI disturbance, rash, gynaecomastia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name some PPIs

A

omeprazole, lansoprazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

indications for PPIs

A

GORD, dyspepsia, peptic ulcers, prophylaxis for NSAID associated peptic ulcers, eradication of H.pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MOA of PPIs

A

Administered as a pro drug, but is activated to irreversibly inhibit H+/K+ ATPase which prevents gastric acid secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

side effects of PPIs

A

N&V, abdo pain, diarrhoea & constipation, headaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

contraindications of PPIs

A

Inhibit enzymes in liver important for metabolism of other drugs. Can lead to increased clinical effect of warfarin, clopidogrel, phenytoin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

name some opioids used in treatment of diarrhoea

A

Codeine phosphate, diphenoxylate, loperamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Important effects of PPIs and H2 receptor antgonists that must be known before start of treatment

A

they mask the signs of gastric cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

MOA of opioids used in diarrhoea

A

bind to mu receptors in the intestinal wall. This prolongs transit time through inhibition of propulsive movements, allowing time for more water reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

side effects of opioids

A

respiratory depression, N&V, drowsiness, constipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

indications of bulk forming laxatives

A

constipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

name some bulk forming laxatives

A

ispaghula husk, methylcellulose, sterculia, bran

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

MOA of bulk forming laxatives

A

contain a hydrophillic compound which retains water already in the bowel well and builds stool mass. Increased bulk encourages peristalsis and relieves constipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
side effects of bulk forming laxatives
abdominal distention, flatulence, GI obstruction
26
name some osmotic laxatives
macrogol, lactulose, magnesium salts, sodium acid phosphate
27
indication of osmotic laxatives
constipation
28
MOA of osmotic laxatives
based on osmotically active substances which draw water in from other areas and hold it in the stool. This helps to stimulate peristalsis
29
side effects of osmotic laxatives
abdominal cramps, flatulence, nausea
30
name some irritant/stimulant laxatives
senna, dantron, bisacodyl, docusate sodium, sodium picosulfate
31
indications for irritant/stimulant laxatives
constipation
32
MOA of irritant/stimulant laxatives
Increase electrolyte and water secretion into colonic lumen. This increases colonic content and stimulates peristalsis
33
side effects of irritant/stimulant laxatives
abdo pain, diarrhoea, melanosis coli (pigmentation of intestinal wall)
34
name some faecal softeners
arachis oil, docusate sodium, co-danthrusate
35
MOA of faecal softeners
increase penetration of intestinal fluid into faecal mass, softening the stool and allowing peristalsis more easily
36
side effects of foecal softeners
abdo pain, nausea, rash
37
indication of faecal softeners
constipation
38
Name some aminosalicylates
mesalazine, sulfasalazine
39
indications for aminosalicylates
UC - first line, Crohns - used if intolerant to corticosteroids and others (drug works topically but crohns is full thickness)
40
MOA of aminosalicylates
Deliver 5- aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) to lumen of colon, which has antiinflammatory action. Reduce cytokine formation, infammatory mediators and free radical formation
41
side effects of aminosalicylates
sulfasalazine has a higher side effect profile and can also cause oligospermia. GI disturbance e.g. N&V, Diarrhoea, rash, AGRANULOCYTOSIS
42
Name some corticosteroids used for IBD
prednisolone, hydrocortisone, budenoside
43
indications for corticosteroids
UC - usually used in addition to aminosalicylates. Crohn's - first line
44
MOA of corticosteroids
Bind to glucocorticoid receptors, enter the nucleus of the cell and alter gene expression. Upregulates anti-inflammatory genes and downregulates pro-inflammatory genes. Also have a mineralocorticoid effect, stimulating Na+ & H2O retention and K+ secretion
45
side effects of corticosteroids
Immunosuppression Metabolic - diabetes, osteoporosis, skin thinning and bruising Mood and behavioural changes Mineralocorticoid actions - oedema, hypokalaemia, hypertension sudden withdrawal leads to addisonian crisis
46
name some anti-TNF alpha antibodies
infliximab, adalimumab
47
indications of anti-TNF alpha antibodies
UC and Crohn's
48
MOA of anti-TNF alpha antibodies
Inhibit the binding of TNF-alpha to it's receptors, reducing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leucocyte migration, activation of neutrophils and eosinophils
49
side effects of anti-TNF alpha antibodies
GI upset Hypersensitivity reactions, Blood disorders - anaemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia Worsening heart failure
50
name some antimuscarinic drugs
hyoscine, dicycloverene, propantheline
51
indications for antimuscarinic drugs
IBS
52
MOA of antimuscarinics
competetive inhibition of Ach which inhibits parasympathetic innervation of myenteric and submucosal plexuses. This reduces colonic motility and inhibits gastric emptying
53
side effects of antimuscarinics
constipation transient bradycardia and tachycardia urinary retention
54
name some antispasmodic agents used in IBS
mebeverine, peppermint oil, dicycloverine
55
MOA of antispasmodics in IBS
smooth muscle relaxants. Relieves gut spasm and abdo pain
56
side effects of antispasmodics
heartburn, perianal irritation, headaches
57
name some antifungals
nystatin, fluconazole, amphotericin
58
indications for nystatin
any candida infection
59
MOA of nystatin
It's a polyene. Binds to a component of the fungal cell wall and form pores which allows ions to leak out. Can be fungistatic or fungicidal
60
side effects of nystatin
very little when used topically, only local irritation. Oral use can cause GI upset
61
indications for fluconazole
candiasis and cryptococcal infections
62
MOA of fluconazole
triazole antifungal. Inhibit a from of cytochrome P450 which is important in production of components of cell wall. This alters cell membrane fluidity and increases cell wall permeability
63
side effects of fluconazole
GI disturbance, headaches, hepatitis, hypersensitivity
64
indications for metronidazole
C.difficile, oral and gynae gram -ve bacteria, H.pylori & diverticulitis, protozoal infections
65
MOA of metronidazole
only effective in anaerobic bacteria. Diffuses into the cell, is reduced which produces nitroso free radicals to bind to DNA cause degradation and cell death.
66
side effects of metronidazole
GI upset Hypersensitivity reactions Long term - seizures, optic neuropathy
67
contraindications of metronidazole
drinking alcohol, people with severe liver disease
68
indications of vancomycin
gram +ve infection | C.difficile infection - used in antibiotic associated colitis if metronidazole is ineffective
69
MOA of vancomycin
inhibits cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, inhibiting cell wall synthesis of gram +ve bacteria
70
side effects of vancomycin
thrombophlebitis at injection site red man syndrome - generalised erythema, hypotension and bronchospasm hypersensitivity blood disorders
71
name some antihelminthic drugs
ivermectin, albendazole
72
indications of ivermectin
filariasis(elephantiasis), hookworm, S. stercoralis infection
73
MOA of ivermectin
acts on glutamate gated ion channels, causing an influx of Cl-, generating muscle hyperpolarisation and paralysis of filariae (worms)
74
side effects of ivermectin
itching, rash
75
indications of albendazole
cysts, S stercoralis, hookworm
76
MOA of albendazole
bind to parasitic tubulin, preventing its polymerisation into cytoskeletal microtubules
77
side effects of albendazole
GI disturbance, headaches
78
name some opioids
morphine, diamorphine, tramadol, fentanyl, codeine phosphate
79
indications of opioids
acute/chronic moderate to severe pain management
80
MOA of opioids
Activate mu receptors in CNS which then causes reduced neuronal excitability and pain transmission. In medulla they reduce respiratory drive and breathlessness. They reduce sympathetic nervous activity
81
side effects of opioids
``` respiratory depression N&V constipation dependance withdrawal reaction ```
82
warnings of opioid use
reduce doses in hepatic and renal impairment | avoid in biliary colic as it worsens the pain
83
name some combination analgesics
co-codamol (paracetamol, codeine), co-dydramol (paracetamol, dihydrocodeine)
84
indications of combination analgesics
mild to moderate pain
85
MOA of combination analgesics
paracetamol is a weak inhibitor of COX enzyme, this action appears to increase the pain threshold. codeine and dihydrocodeine are weak opioids, so have weak activation of mu receptors.
86
side effects of combination analgesics
same side effect profile of opioids | paracetamol OD causes hepatotoxicity
87
name some NSAIDs
ibuprofen, naproxen, aspirin
88
indications of NSAIDs
chronic/neuropathic pain that's mild to moderate
89
MOA of NSAIDs
COX 1 and 2 inhibition. COX-2 is responsible for prostaglandin production which causes inflammation and pain
90
Side effects of NSAIDs
GI toxicity Renal impairment Increased risk of CV event
91
name some non-opioid, non-NSAID analgesics
amitriptyline, carbamazepine, capsaicin, pregabalin
92
indications for non-opioid, non-NSAID analgesics
chronic or neuropathic pain
93
MOA of amitriptyline
inhibit neuronal reuptake of serotonin and norepinipherine
94
side effects of amitryptiline
arrhythmias, convulsions, hallucinations, extrapyramidal symptoms
95
indications of carbamazepine for analgesia
first choice for trigeminal neuralgia (sudden severe face pain)
96
MOA of carbamazepine
inhibit neuronal sodium channels, stabilising resting potentials and reducing neuronal excitability
97
side effects of carbemazepine
GI upset hypersensitivity hyponatraemia
98
indications of capsaicin
localised neuropathic pain, symptomatic relief of osteoarthrtitis
99
MOA of capsaicin
reduces substance P during inflammation. Causes defunctionalisation of nociceptors by causing a hypersensitivity reaction on the skin
100
side effects of capsaicin
temporary pain at application site redness N&V
101
Indications of pregabalin for analgesia
second line (to duloxetine) for diabetic neuropathy, first line in other neuropathies
102
MOA of pregabalin
binds to calcium channels and inhibits calcium inflow into neuron. This inhibits neurotransmitter release and reduces neuronal excitability
103
side effects of pregabalin
drowsiness, dizziness, ataxia
104
name a H1 receptor antagonist anti-emetic
cyclizine
105
indications of H1 receptor antagonists
motion sickness and vertigo | can also treat post op and drug induced sickness
106
MOA of H1 receptor antagonists
Block H1 and Ach receptors in vomiting centre of medulla and prevent them communicating with the vestibular system
107
side effects of H1 receptor antagonists
drowsiness dry mouth palpitations
108
warnings of H1 receptor antagonsists
avoid in patients with hepatic encephalopathy and prostatic hypertrophy
109
name an antimuscarinic anti-emetic
hyoscine
110
indications of antimuscarinic anti-emetic
motion sickness | post-op vomiting
111
MOA of antimuscarinic anti-emetic
block the Ach (muscarinic) receptors in vomiting centre of medulla and prevent communication with the vestibular system
112
side effects of antimuscarinic anti-emetics
dry mouth urinary retention blurred vision sedation
113
name some dopamine (D2)receptor antagonists
metoclopramide, domperidone
114
indications of D2 receptor antagonists
vomiting due to reduced gut motility drug induced vomiting vomiting in pregnancy can be used for other causes of vomiting
115
MOA of D2 receptor antagonists
D2 receptors are the main receptors in CTZ, so antagonists of these help to prevent CTZ stimulation. D2 receptors are also present in the gut, and if blocked, this promotes gastric emptying and gut motility
116
side effects of D2 receptor antagonists
diarrhoea | metoclopramide - extrapyramidal symptoms like an acute dystonic reaction e.g. oculogyric crisis
117
name a phenothiazine
prochlorperazine
118
indications for phenothiazines
vomiting from vertigo vomiting from radio and chemotherapy other causes of vomiting
119
MOA of phenothiazines
blockade of D2 receptors in CTZ and gut, and to a lesser extent blockade of H1 and Ach receptors in vomiting centre
120
side effects of phenothiazines
rarely used because of side effect profile drowsiness postural hypotension extrapyramidal symptoms
121
name a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist
ondansetron
122
indications for 5-HT3 receptor antagonists
anaesthetic and chemo induced vomiting
123
MOA of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists
There are lots of 5-HT3 receptors in CTZ, so blockage of these prevents stimulation of vagus nerve at CTZ and prevents it activating the vomiting centre. Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter released by the gut in response to emetogenic stimuli, so 5-HT3 antagonists prevent this.
124
side effects of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists
side effects are rare constipation diarrhoea headaches
125
warnings for use of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists
don't use in people with a prolonged QT interval. Avoid in patients using antipsychotics and SSRIs
126
name a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist
aprepitant
127
indications for neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist
cytotoxic drug induced vomiting
128
MOA of neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists
Block NK1 receptors in CTZ, inhibiting the action of substance P
129
side effects of NK-1 receptor antagonists
fatigue dizziness diarrhoea or constipation
130
name a cannabinoid
nabilone
131
indications of cannibinoids
cytotoxic drug induced vomiting
132
MOA of cannibinoids
inhibit CB1 receptors in several areas of the CNS, reducing their ability to release serotonin
133
side effects of cannabinoids
sedation hallucination & disorientation dry mouth
134
name a corticosteroid anti-emetic
dexamethasone
135
indications of corticosteroid anti-emetics
cytotoxic drug induced vomiting | usually used as an additive
136
side effects of corticosteroid anti-emetics
insomnia indigestion agitation
137
name some crystalloid solutions
0.9% NaCl 5% glucose hartmann's solution (comound sodium lactate)
138
indications of crystalloid solutions
fluid resuscitation and maintenance
139
MOA of hartmanns solution
contains NaCl, CaCl2, KCl, sodium lactate and water and is used to replace elcrolytes
140
side effects of hartmann's solution
hypervolaemia hyperkalaemia hypercalcaemia hypersensitivity
141
side effects of 09% NaCl
oedema hypertension hypernatraemia
142
side effects of 5% IV glucose
electrolyte imbalance polyuria oedema

year 3 drug list (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions