Gi revision session Flashcards
what is PEG feeding used for
long term
what is NG feeding for
short term
what is pabernex
a vitamin D complex given to those with a thiamine deficiency, but not caused by alcohol
what can be given to people in withdrawel of alcohol
benzodiazapam
buzz word for sigmoid volvulus
coffee bean sign on xray
what can small bowel obstruction be caused by
previous surgery, scar tissue
buzz word for pernicious anaemia
swollen, smooth red apple looking tongue
what is a polyp
A polyp is a protrusion above an epithelial surface. It is a tumour (a swelling)
pedunculated and sessile can be easily resected
adenoma is the most common type, you should remove it and send to lab
what is adenoma of the colon
Benign tumours, Not invasive, do not metastasise. But they may evolve into cancers (dysplastic). should ALL be removed
examples of inherited carcinomas
HNPCC (right sided tumours) FAP (throughout colon)
what is gastrin
Stimulates H+ (acid) secretion by parietal cells in the stomach
Trophic (growth) effects on the mucosa of the small intestine, colon, and stomach
Inhibits the actions of Secretin and GIP
Inhibited by H+
what is CCK
Contraction of the gallbladder with simultaneous relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi
Inhibits gastric emptying
Stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes: lipases, amylase, and proteases
Secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas
Trophic effects on the exocrine pancreas and gallbladder
what is secretin
Inhibits gastrin, H+ secretion, and growth of stomach mucosa
Stimulates biliary secretion of bicarbonate and fluid
Secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas
Trophic effect on the exocrine pancreas
what is GIP
Stimulation of insulin secretion
Induces satiety
In large doses, decreases gastric acid secretion
In large doses, decreases the motor activity of the stomach and therefore slows gastric emptying when the upper small intestine is already full of food products.
what is GLP-1
Decreases gastric emptying
Induces satiety
Increases sensitivity of pancreatic beta-cells to glucose.
what is motilin
Increases gastrointestinal motility by stimulating the “migrating motility” or “myoelectric complex” that moves through the fasting stomach and small intestines every 90 minutes. This cyclical release and action get inhibited by the ingestion of food.
types of viral hepatitis
A, B, C, E
Hep A
ACUTE.
Faecal-oral. associated w poor sanitation. rare in UK. most common in children/young adults.
High ALT/AST
resolves spontaneously
Hep B
ACUTE and CHRONIC. incubation 1-6 months. DNA virus
blood borne and sexually transmitted. can be passed on vertically. PWIDs, children of infected, gay men are at highest risk
95% will clear spontaneously. only small amount need treatment
Hep C
CHRONIC. blood borne. RNA virus
PWIDs, bad tattoos or surgeries can cause it. most patients are asymptomatic until they get liver disease. 20% develop cirrhosis within 20 years
treatment, 8-12 weeks combo treatment
Hep E
ACUTE. faecal-oral. incubation 15-60 days
self limiting disease. can rarely cause chronic in immunocompromised. only 5% symptomatic
Diagnosis of viral Hepatitis
HBsAg (surface antigen)
Screen for evidence of infection
HBeAg (e antigen)
Indicates high viral replication / infectivity
Anti-HBs (surface antibody)
In infection usually seen with loss of HBsAg (indicating clearance of infection)
In vaccinated patients shows immunity
Anti-HBe (e antibody)
Indicates clearance of eAg / reduced viral replication
Anti-HBc (core antibody)
Only seen in previously infected patients (not in vaccinated patients)
HBV DNA PCR
Used to assess level of viraemia
what does HBsAg (surface antigen) show
shows evidence of active infection
what does HBeAg (e antigen) show
shows the level of viral replication
