Gi sheet

Question 1

Which cranial nerve innervates all tongue muscles except palatoglossus?

Answer 1

CNXII (hypoglossal) innervates all tongue muscles except palatoglossus, which is innervated by CNX (vagus).

Question 2

What innervates the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

Answer 2

The constrictor muscles of the pharynx are innervated by CNX (vagus).

Question 3

Which cranial nerves innervate the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

Answer 3

The inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx are innervated by CNIX and CNX.

Question 4

Which muscle is innervated by CNIX?

Answer 4

Stylopharyngeus is the only muscle innervated by CNIX.

Question 5

What is the sensory limb of the gag reflex?

Answer 5

The sensory limb of the gag reflex is CNIX.

Question 6

What nerves are involved in the motor limb of the gag reflex?

Answer 6

The motor limb of the gag reflex involves CNIX and CNX.

Question 7

What provides general sensory to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

Answer 7

General sensory to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue is provided by CNV3.

Question 8

What provides special sensory (taste) to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

Answer 8

Special sensory (taste) to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue is provided by CNVII.

Question 9

What provides sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

Answer 9

Both general and special sensory to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue is provided by CNIX.

Question 10

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of jaw closing and opening?

Answer 10

All muscles of jaw closing and opening are innervated by CNV3 (mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve).

Question 11

What are the muscles of jaw closing?

Answer 11

The muscles of jaw closing are masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid.

Question 12

Which muscle is responsible for jaw opening?

Answer 12

The lateral pterygoid muscle is responsible for jaw opening.

Question 13

What bone do the pterygoid plates belong to?

Answer 13

The pterygoid plates are part of the sphenoid bone.

Question 14

Describe the pain associated with appendicitis.

Answer 14

Appendicitis pain starts as a dull ache around the umbilicus, then becomes a localized sharp pain in the RIF due to irritation of the parietal peritoneum.

Question 15

What provides parasympathetic innervation to the GIT?

Answer 15

The vagus nerve provides parasympathetic innervation up to the distal end of the transverse colon, while pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, S3, S4) innervate from the descending colon to the anal canal.

Question 16

Is the liver an intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal organ?

Answer 16

The liver is an intraperitoneal organ.

Question 17

Where do sympathetic nerves synapse in relation to the adrenal gland?

Answer 17

Sympathetic nerves synapse directly onto cells of the adrenal gland.

Question 18

What are the visceral afferent nerve fibre levels for the gut?

Answer 18

Foregut: T6 to T9, Midgut: T8 to T12, Hindgut: T10 to L2.

Question 19

What is the function of the gall bladder?

Answer 19

The gall bladder stores and concentrates bile.

Question 20

What is the first branch of the abdominal aorta?

Answer 20

The coeliac trunk is the first branch of the abdominal aorta at the T12 level, supplying the organs of the foregut.

Question 21

What is the course of the splenic artery?

Answer 21

The splenic artery runs a very torturous course along the superior border of the pancreas.

Question 22

What is the function of the spleen?

Answer 22

The spleen breaks down red blood cells to produce bilirubin.

Question 23

Which ribs protect the spleen?

Answer 23

Ribs 9-11 protect the spleen.

Question 24

What is the blood supply to the stomach?

Answer 24

The blood supply to the stomach comes from the right (hepatic artery) and left (coeliac trunk) gastric arteries, and right (gastro-duodenal branch of hepatic artery) and left (splenic artery) gastro-omental arteries.

Question 25

Where does the liver lie in relation to the ribs?

Answer 25

The liver lies deep to ribs 7-11.

Question 26

What are the different liver lobes?

Answer 26

The liver has four lobes: right, left, caudate, and quadrate.

Question 27

What supplies blood to the gall bladder?

Answer 27

The blood supply to the gall bladder is via the cystic artery.

Question 28

What are the hepatorenal and subphrenic recesses?

Answer 28

The hepatorenal and subphrenic recesses are located within the greater sac.

Question 29

What constitutes the portal triad?

Answer 29

The portal triad consists of the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and common bile duct.

Question 30

What forms the ampulla of Vater?

Answer 30

The bile duct joins with the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater/hepatopancreatic ampulla.

Question 31

What causes jaundice?

Answer 31

Jaundice is caused by an increase in blood levels of bilirubin.

Question 32

What is the blood supply to the pancreas?

Answer 32

The pancreas receives blood mainly from pancreatic branches of the splenic artery and from the superior (gastroduodenal branch of hepatic artery) and inferior (SMA) pancreaticoduodenal arteries.

Question 33

Which part of the duodenum is intraperitoneal?

Answer 33

The first part of the duodenum is intraperitoneal; the other three parts are retroperitoneal.

Question 34

What are paracolic gutters?

Answer 34

Paracolic gutters are part of the greater sac of the peritoneal cavity.

Question 35

Where is the appendiceal orifice located?

Answer 35

The appendiceal orifice is located on the posteromedial wall of the caecum, 1/3rd of the way between the right ASIS and the umbilicus, corresponding to McBurney’s point.

Question 36

At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

Answer 36

The abdominal aorta bifurcates into the common iliacs at the L4 level.

Question 37

What is the main arterial anastomosis in the large intestine?

Answer 37

The main arterial anastomosis in the large intestine is called the marginal artery of Drummond.

Question 38

What is the blood supply to the rectum and anal canal?

Answer 38

The hindgut part is supplied by the superior rectal artery from the IMA, while the somatic part (below the pectinate line) is supplied by the middle and inferior rectal arteries from the internal iliac artery.

Question 39

What are the three important sites of portal systemic anastomoses?

Answer 39

The three important sites of portal systemic anastomoses are the distal end of the oesophagus, skin around the umbilicus, and rectum/anal canal.

Question 40

What is the levator ani muscle?

Answer 40

The levator ani muscle is part of the pelvic floor.

Question 41

Where does the sigmoid colon become the rectum?

Answer 41

The sigmoid colon becomes the rectum at the rectosigmoid junction, anterior to S3.

Question 42

Where does the rectum become the anal canal?

Answer 42

The rectum becomes the anal canal anterior to the tip of the coccyx.

Question 43

What are the three muscles associated with levator ani?

Answer 43

The three muscles associated with levator ani are iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, and puborectalis.

Question 44

What is the nerve supply to levator ani?

Answer 44

The nerve supply to levator ani comes from the nerve to levator ani (a branch of the sacral plexus, S3, S4) and the pudendal nerve (S2, S3, S4).

Question 45

What does the pudendal nerve stimulate?

Answer 45

The pudendal nerve stimulates contraction of the external anal sphincter.

Question 46

What is the mnemonic for the pudendal nerve?

Answer 46

Pudendal nerve: ‘S2, 3, 4 keeps the pelvis off the floor.’

Question 47

How does the pudendal nerve exit and enter the pelvis?

Answer 47

The pudendal nerve exits the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen and enters the perineum through the lesser sciatic foramen.

Question 48

What is the arterial supply above the pectinate line?

Answer 48

The arterial supply above the pectinate line is from the inferior mesenteric artery.

Question 49

What is the arterial supply below the pectinate line?

Answer 49

The arterial supply below the pectinate line is from the internal iliac artery.

Question 50

What is the venous drainage above the pectinate line?

Answer 50

The venous drainage above the pectinate line is via the portal system via the inferior mesenteric vein.

Question 51

What is the venous drainage below the pectinate line?

Answer 51

The venous drainage below the pectinate line is via the systemic system via the internal iliac vein.

Question 52

What is the lymphatic drainage above the pectinate line?

Answer 52

The lymphatic drainage above the pectinate line is to the inferior mesenteric nodes.

Question 53

What is the lymphatic drainage below the pectinate line?

Answer 53

The lymphatic drainage below the pectinate line is to the superficial inguinal nodes.

Question 54

Where are the ischioanal fossae located?

Answer 54

The ischioanal fossae lie on either side of the anal canal.

Question 55

What is the common hepatic duct?

Answer 55

The common hepatic duct is where bile travels through from the liver.

Question 56

What is the bile duct?

Answer 56

The bile duct is where bile travels through from the gall bladder.