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GI system Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the classifications of GI tract drugs

A
  • Drugs influencing appetite
  • Drugs influencing gastric secretion
  • Drugs affecting gastric motility
  • Drugs influencing pancreatic secretion
  • Drugs affecting intestinal motility
  • Drugs for hepatobiliary disorders
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2
Q

Name the classifications of drugs affecting the appetite

A

A . Stimulants of appetite (Appetizers)

      - Bitters  2. Hormonal preparations 
      - Insulin

B. Suppressors of appetite (Anorexigens)

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3
Q

Which drug should be applied in case cachexia

A
  • Insulin
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4
Q

Which condition is treated with anorexigens

A
  • Obesity
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5
Q

What group of drugs is contraindicated for peptic ulcers?

A
  • NSAIDS
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6
Q

Name 2 possible causes of peptic ulcers(stomach and duodenum)

A
  • NSAIDS

- Gastritis

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7
Q

Name a possible reason for a duodenal peptic ulcer

A
  • Excessive secretion of gastric acid
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8
Q

Name a cause for gastritis

A
  • H. Pylori
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9
Q

Name a cause for hyposectretion of acid

A
  • Gastritis in the body of the stomach => atrophic gastritis => hyopsectretion of stomach acid => gastric ulcer
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10
Q

Name the classifications of stimulants of gastric secretion and their drugs

A

A . Stimulants of gastric secretion

  • Histamine
  • Bitters

B. Drugs for replacement therapy

  • Pepsin
  • Hydrochloric acid
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11
Q

Name the use of stimulants of gastric secretion

A

To produce enough acid to digest food so it wont damage the stomach wall and create an ulcer

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12
Q

Name the classifications of surpressors of gastric sectretion and their drugs

A
  1. M-cholinoblockers (antagonists)
    - Pirezepine
  2. H2-histamine receptor blockers
    - Ranitidine
    - Famotidine
  3. Inhibitors of proton pump
    - Omeprazole
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13
Q

MOA of omeprazol

A
  • Inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase (proton pump)

necessary for transport of H+ from parietal cells of gastric mucous membrane lumen of stomach

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14
Q

Indications for omeprazol

A
  • Peptic ulcer disease
  • Gasatroesophagal reflux disease
  • Chronic gastritis with the hypersecretion of acid
  • Zolinger-Ellison syndrome
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15
Q

Side effects of omeprazol

A
  • Naussea, diarrhea, constipation, meteorism, pain in the stomach
  • Headache, weakness, depression, vision distrurbance
  • Skin rash
  • Arthralgia, myalgia, eosinophilia
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16
Q

contraindications of omeprazol

A
  • pregnancy
  • lactation
  • childhood
  • Severe hepatic disease
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17
Q

pharmacokinetics of rantidine

A
  • administered orally, IM, IV
  • well absorped via GI tract
  • acts within 15 mins, works 8-12 hours
  • excreted via urine in 24 hrs
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18
Q

pharmacokinetics of omeprazol

A
  • administered orally, IV, IV infusion
  • absorped via small intestines
  • acts within 60 mins, works more then 24 hrs
  • metabolized in liver
  • excreted via urine & feces
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19
Q

MOA of ranitidine

A
  • Inhibits H2-histamine receptors in parietal cells of the gastric mucous membrane
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20
Q

pharmacodynamics of ranitidine

A
  • Inhibition of gastric secretion
  • Decrease in total volume of gastric juice
  • Decrease in pepsin activity
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21
Q

indications of ranitidine

A
  • Peptic ulcer disease
  • Reflux-esophagitis
  • Zolinger-Ellison syndrome bleeding from the upper regions of the GI tract
  • The prophylaxis of bleeding in patients suffering from peptic ulcer
  • The prophylaxis of gastric juice aspiration in surgery under general anesthesia.
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22
Q

side effects of ranitidine

A
  • Headache, virtigo
  • Skin rash
  • Increase of plasma concentration of hepatic enzymes
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Hypersensitivity
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23
Q

Contraindications for rantidine

A
  • pregnancy
  • lactation
  • childhood
  • Severe renal and hepatic diseases
  • Gastric malignancy
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24
Q

Which M-cholinoblockers are used as antisecretory agents

A
  • Pirenzepine

- Atropine

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25
What are antacids?
- preparations for acid neutralization. | - Antacids are absorbable (NaHC03) and non-absorbable (CaC03, Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3
26
Name 3 antacids
- Sodium bicarbonate - Magnesium Oxide - Aluminum hydroxide
27
Name 2 combined antacids
- Almagel | - Maalox
28
What are gastroprotectors and what do they do?
- Drugs that cover the stomach with a protective layer to prevent damage - Ulcer healing
29
Name 2 gastroprotectors
- Sucralfate | - Bismuth subcitrate
30
Name an enhanced mucosal resistance drug
- Misoprostol
31
MOA of Bismuth nitrate
- forms a protective cover on the surface of ulcers and erosions - stimulates regeneration by the accumulation of an epidermal growth factor - increases prostaglandin E, synthesis - promotes the production of mucus and bicarbonates - inhibits the activity of pepsin - has an anti-helicobacter action
32
Indications for Bismuth nitrate
- peptic ulcer disease - chronic gastritis - peptic ulcers caused by NSAIDs - functional dyspepsia. The drug has no significant side-effects
33
Side effects of Bismuth nitrate
- black discoloration of feces - rarely nausea - vomiting - diarrhea - rash
34
MOA of Misoprostol
- semisynthetic prostaglandin - binds to Pg receptors - promotes mucus production and inhibits acid secretion - improves the trophy of the gastric mucous membrane
35
Side effects of Misoprostol
- diarrhea | - the risk of precipitating contractions of the gravid uterus
36
Which drugs are listed as replacement therapy in excretory malfunction of the pancreas?
- Pancreatin - Panzinorm forte - Festal - Mezim forte - Creon
37
Indication of excretory malfunction replacement therapy drugs
- Chronic pancreatitis
38
Clinical uses of excretory malfunction replacement therapy drugs
To replace the enzymes necessary fro the digestion of proteins fats and carbohydrates(creatorrhea, steatorrhea)
39
Which drugs are listed as antienzymatic/anitprotease drugs?
- Aprotinin/contrycal | - Aminocaproic acid
40
Indications of antienzymatic/antiprotease drugs
- pancreatitis | - pancreanecrosis
41
MOA of antienzymatic/antiprotease drugs
- directly acting inhibitors of proteolysis and fybrinolisis
42
Name the drugs listed as bile drugs/choleretics
- Allochol | - Cholenzym
43
Indications for choleretics
- Cholecystitis | - Cholelythiasis
44
clinical uses of choleretics
- stimulate the production and secretion of dilute bile fluid
45
Name an enhancer drug for bile flow
- Magnesium sulfate
46
Name the listed cholespasmolytics
- Atropine | - Drotaverine/No-spa
47
Name the listed hepatoprotectors
- Legalon - Darcyl - Essentiale - Gepabene - Thiotriazolin
48
Name the listed cholelitholytic agents
- Chenodeoxycholic/chenofalk | - Ursodeoxycholic acid/ursofalk
49
What are hepatoprotectors?
- preparations protecting hepatocytes from different aggressive factors
50
What are cholelitholytics?
-
51
Which group of drugs stimulate motility of the stomach and intestine?
- M-cholinomimetics | - acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
52
Name the listed M-cholinomimetic
Neostigmine/ Proserine
53
Name the listed antagonists of dopamine and serotonin receptors
- Domperidone/ Motillium | - Metoclopramide/ Cerucal
54
Name a centrally acting emetic
- Apomorphine
55
MOA of Apomorphine
- stimulant of CTZ and vomiting center. | - Apomorphine is centrally acting drug, a D2-dopamine receptor agonist. It is used in acute poisonings
56
The pharmacological management of disturbances of intestinal motility includes
- use of laxatives (purgatives) to treat constipation - use of antidiarrheal drugs (opioids, adsorbents, astringents) to treat non-infectious diarrhea - use of antimicrobial drugs to treat diarrhea caused by infection - application of cholinoblockers and myotropic spasmolytics to treat spasticity in the gut
57
MOA of metoclopramide
- is a specific blocker of D2 dopamine receptors. - it is 5-HT3-antagonist - it inhibits chemoreceptors of the trigger zone - the drug inhibits the sensitivity of visceral nerves translating impulses from the pylorus and duodenum to the emetic center
58
Pharmacokinetics of metoclopramide
- a decrease in vomiting and nausea - an increase in the tone of the stomach and intestine - the promotion of gastric evacuation - the prevention of a esophagal and pyloric reflux - the stimulation of intestinal peristalsis - the normalization of the tone of the bile bladder and bile secretion - the stimulation of prolactin secretion
59
Indications of metoclopramide
- vomiting and nausea of different origin - disturbances of the gut motility in dyspepsia, reflux-esophagitis, gastro- duodenitis, peptic ulcer, meteorism, and postoperative atonia ofthe stomach and intestine - x-ray investigations of the gut.
60
Side effects of metoclopramide
- Constipation, diarrhea & drymouth - weakness, headache,, depression, akatasia, extrapyramidal disturbances in children - parkinsonism - spasm of the face
61
Contraindication of metoclopramide
- hypersensitivity - GI bleeding - Bowel occlusion - Ulcer formation - abdominal surgeries - pregnancy - extra pyramidal disorder - epilepsia - childhood - severe renal and hepatic failure
62
What is the pharmokinetics in laxatives
- promote and facilitate bowel evacuation by acting locally to stimulate intestinal peristalsis or to soften bowel contents
63
Name the listed laxatives classification
- saline laxatives - laxatives containing antraglycosides - vegetable oils - synthetic laxatives
64
Name the saline laxative
- Magnesium Sulfate
65
Name the laxative containing anthraglycosides
- Senadexin
66
Name the synthetic laxatives
- Sodium picosulfate/ Guttalax - Bisacodyl - Lactulose/ Duphalac - Combined => Cafiol + Regulax
67
MOA of laxatives
- promote evacuation of the bowel through stimulation of fluid and electrolyte transport or increases in propulsive motility
68
Drugs that surpress stomach motility
- cholinergic blockers => atropine
69
MOA surpressing durgs for stomach motility
- eliminate smooth muscle spasms by blocking cholinergic receptors
70
Name the Spasmolytic drugs
- drotaverine/ no-spa | - combinations => Baralgin & Spazgan
71
What are the indications for antiemetics
- vomiting - naussea - motion sickness
72
Name the listed antiemtic
- benzocaine
73
What is the purpose of taking anti-diarrheal drugs?
- relieving symptoms of diarrhea
74
Name the listed anti-diarrheal drug
- Loperamide/ Imodium
75
What are anti-flatulant agents?
- drug used for the alleviation or prevention of excessive intestinal gas
76
Name the listed anti-flatulant drugs
- Peppermint - Simethicone/ Espumisan - Chamomile
77
Effects of anti-flatulant drugs
- preventing gas > enzyme-based dietary supplements break down indigestible substances and prevent substances from reaching large intestine intact - relieving gas > agent will coalesce smaller gas bubbles into larger bubbles, making release of gas within the gastrointestinal tract easy via burping or flatulence

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