GI System Pathologies Flashcards
(24 cards)
Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TE)
Esophagus has formed 2 blind ends=Atresia
An abnormal passage way between esophagus and trachea=Fistula
S&S=aspiration pneumonia, choking, cyanosis
ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPHS DIAGNOSE
Achalasia
Lower esophageal sphincter cannot relax due to compromised nervous control
S&S= stern also pain and dysphasia(difficulty swallowing)
T=dialation, botox toxin, myotomy
Foreign Body
Objects lodged, impacted most commonly in cervical esophagus
S&S=can’t swallow without regurgitation, if lasts longer than 12 hours causes perforation
GERD
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
-allows retrograde flow of stomach into the distal esophagus
S&S=inflammation, scarring, ulcers, heart burn
T=life style changes and reduction in acid causing foods
Esophageal Carcinoma
Difficulty swallowing in any person over 40 may indicate cancer.
S&S=ETOH intake, smoking
T=radiotherapy, chemotherapy but mostly palliative
Sliding Hiatal Hernia
Some portion of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction moves into the chest when intravenous abdominal pressure is increased.
S&S=reflux, heartburn
T=Can be seen when patient is in trendelenberg position
Rolling Hiatal Hernia or Paraesophageal Hernia
Part or all of the stomach pushing up into the thoracic cavity through a defect in the diaphragm.
S&S=volvulus, esophagitis, ulcers or strictures, reflux
T=chest X-ray or upper GI, surgery
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and elongation of the pylorus
S&S=projectile vomiting
T=”string sign” and delayed stomach emptying
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach
S&S=erosions, ulcers
C=alcohol, corrosive agents, infection
T=thickening of gastric folds(rugae)
Peptic Ulcer
Causes the enzyme pepsin and stomach acid to wear through the mucosal lining of the stomach.
S&S=hemorrhage, gastric outlet obstruction, perforation
**Most common cause of upper GI bleeding and pneumoperitoneum*
T=Life style changes
Benign Ulcers
Surrounded by smooth, slender folds of mucosal tissue
Malignant Ulcers
Surrounded by irregular folds, abrupt transition between the mucosal layer of tissue and abdnormal tissue of the tumor
Gastric CA
Tumor of the stomach.
T=surgery of stomach
Crohn’s(Regional Enteritis)
Chronic inflammatory disease characterized by healthy segments of bowel interspersed between unhealthy segments.
S&S=palpable masses, pain, fever, ulcers, Fistula
T=”string sign” treated with medication or surgery
Small Bowel Obstruction
Bowel blockage due to a variety of conditions such as hernia, tumor, inflammation, stones
S&S=strangulation of the bowel from hernia or volvulus
T=surgery
Large Bowel Obstruction
Blockage in the large bowel, commonly caused by bowel cancer.
S&S=perforation
T=If the IC valve is not competent gas filled loops will be seen in the bowels
Intussusception
Acute telescoping of one part of the intestinal tract into another because of peristalsis
Common in children
S&S=pain, blood in stool and palpable mass in right side
T=called spring appearance, barium enema can be used to reduce the bowel
Volvulus
Bowel blockage caused by a twisting of bowel around its mesentery.
S&S=necrosis, perforation
T=surgery
Adynamic Illeus
Compromised motility in the small and large bowels due to neural,hormonal, metabolic or physical causes.
S&S=inflamed tissues
T=air fluid levels in both the bowels with no obvious point of obstruction indicated. NG tube can be used to aspirate the stomach
Diverticulosis
Colonic outpourings caused by herniations of mucosa and submucosa through the muscular is at points of weakness in bowel wall.
S&S=pain around meals, fibrous adhesions, inflammation
T=no seeds, nuts,popcorn, and exercise to increase peristalsis
Diverticulitis
Necrosis inflammation of the diverticula caused by abscess in of trapped fecal material
S&S=inflammation,Fistula, narrowing of lumen
T=no seeds, nuts, popcorn, exercise to increase peristalsis antibiotics, surgery
Ulcerative Colitis
Inflammatory lesions that only involve the mucosal layer of the colon.
S&S=bloody diarrhea, pain,fever,weight loss, toxic mega colon
T=mucosa appears granular, stipples, colon appears as a lead pipe because of loss of haustration
Colonic Polyp
Abnormal neoplasm projecting from a mucous membrane, initially benign but can become malignant
S&S=rectal bleeding, pain, diarrhea or constipation
T=removed during colonoscopy
Colon Cancer
Bowel cancer in the colon and rectum. Arise from pre-exciting polyps, family history
S&S=obstruction, bleeding, may spread to lymph, liver or lungs
T=napkin ring or apple core sign, surgery, chemo, radiotherapy
