Respiratory Pathologies Flashcards
(33 cards)
Pulmonary Edema
Build up of fluid in the interstitial spaces of the lung parenchyma
C: increased pulmonary venous pressure (heart failure), valve disease, tumor, blockage
T: no physical stress, decreasing salt intake, compression socks, medication
R: loss of lung marking, butterfly sign, no air/fluid levels seen
Pneumothorax
Accumulation of free air/gas in the pleural cavity that compresses the lung
C: random, trauma
S: chest pain, dyspnea
R: No lung markings, examine patient UPRIGHT, take an INSPIRATION and EXPIRATION
Pleural Effusion
BUildup of fluid in the pleural space
C: CHF, pulmonary embolism, infection, CA, as cites, pancreatitis
R: Blunting of costophrenic angles, LATERAL DECUBITUS
What is an additive pathology?
Anything that increases density of patients
Appears more white
What is a subtractive pathology?
Increase in amount of aeration in the chest
Appears more black
Atelectasis
Reduction or absence of air in some portion of the lung that reduces lung volume
C: bronchial obstruction, foreign body, mucous plug, pneumothorax, endotracheal tube below carina, abdominal surgery
T: removal of secretion and re-inflation of the lung
R: Increased density in lungs (one lobe)
Tension Pneumothorax
Air is continually entering the pleural space but cannot escape before there is a one way valve.
S: decrease venous return to the heart
T: needle may be inserted into chest wall to equalize pressure
R: Collape of ipsilateral lung, displacement of heart and mediastinum
Empyema
Necrotic lung parenchyma encased by a fibrous wall and containing pus-like debris and fluid
C: Aspiration, 2nd to bacterial pneumonia, invading organisms
S: can spread, brain abscess is common complication
R: Spherical density with a hazy border
Empyema
Infected liquid or pus in the pleural space that has spread from an adjacent infection
T: can be drained if close to chest wall
R: Initially looks like pleural effusion but overtime it becomes loculated and will appear as a mass
Mediastinal Emphysema (Pneumomediastinum)
Air in the mediastinal space
C: trauma, perforation of esophagus, severe coughing, vomiting or straining
S: may cause pneumothorax
T: may resolve on it’s own but surgery is an option
R: Lateral displacement of the mediastinum, air appears posterior to sternum on lateral projections
Foreign Body
Most common in children
-Always involves the lower lobes and right lung
T: expectoration, bronchoscope and surgery
Obstruction of major bronchus will cause?
Resorption of trapped air, alveolar collape, atelectasis of affected portion of Lung
Partial obstruction of major bronchus will cause?
Air to become trapped due to one way valve
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Severe, unexpected, and life-threatening acute respiratory distress
C: infection, aspiration, inhalation of toxins or drug overdose
S: severe hypoxemia, pulmonary edema, and leakage of fluid into alveolar sacs
T: Diuretics, oxygen therapy and ventilation
Subcutaneous Emphysema
Air forced into tissues surrounding the chest wall
C: trauma
S: crackling sound or sensation when palpated
T: may resolve, surgery if needed
R: streaks of air outlining muscle bundles of soft tissues surrounding chest cavity
Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis)
Patients produce large amounts of viscous mucus which clogs many organs
C: Metabolic imbalance surrounding the production and reabsoprtion of sodium and chloride
S: Bowel perforations with peritonitis can cause dearth, sweating
T: Sweat test, antibiotics, bronchodilators, chest trapping
R: Irregular thickening of lung markings and hyperinflation of lungs
Bronchiectasis
Permanent dilation of the one or more large bronchi because muscular wall of bronchi is destroyed
C: acute infection arising from metabolic abnormalities
S:Chronic productive cough, SOB, hemoptysis
T: Antibiotics and vaccines
R: Loss of lung markings (looks like balloon that has been stretched out)
Hyaline Membrane Disease (IRDS)
Affects infants born premature. Surfactant producing cells in the alveoli haven’t reached complete maturity, which lowers surface tension and causes the alveoli to be unstable and collape
S: Rapid breathing immediately or within 6 hours of birth
T: artificial surfaces in a saline solution and postive pressure ventilation
R: Air-bronchogram sign, ground glass look
Epiglottitis
Acute infection of the epiglottis
C: Influenza virus
S: air way obstruction
T: intubation, antibiotics, corticosteroids
R: Thumb sign on lateral soft tissue neck
** NEVER PLACE PATIENT IN RECUMBENT POSITION**
Croup
Subglottic viral infection common in infants and small children
S: barking cough and respiratory strider
T: cool mist, corticosteroids
R: Smooth hourglass/fusiform shape
SARS - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
A virus that causes upper and lower respiratory infections
C: Spread by contact or droplet
T: intubation and mechanical ventilation, antibiotics, antiviral drugs
Alveolar Pneumonia
Alveolar air is replaced with an inflammatory exudate, spread from one alveoli to the next via communicating channels
C: bacterial infection
T: antibiotics, hydration, corticosteroids, deep breathing techniques
R: Normal air filled bronchi will be visualized against the background of exudate filled alveoli giving rise to the air bronchogram sign
Bronchopneumonia
Bacterial infection that originates in the bronchiolar mucosa and spreads to adjacent alveoli. Seen in small patches
T: antibiotics, rest, hydration, corticosteroids, deep breathing techniques
R: Nor air bronchogram is seen
Interstitial Pneumonia
A viral infection of the walls, linings, and alveolar septa
T: antibiotics, rest, hydration, crticosteriods, deep breathing techniques
R: Linear pattern appears throughout the affects lung fields
