GI tract + accessory glands conditions 2

Question 1

s/s of intestinal bowel obstruction

Answer 1

abdominal pain or cramping
nausea/vomiting
abdominal distention or bloating
constipation
overflow diarrhea: where some liquid contents are able to get past the obstruction

Question 2

whats intestinal bowel obstruction

Answer 2

Intestinal obstruction occurs when any condition prevents the normal flow of contents through the intestines. The obstruction may be mechanical or functional.

Question 3

functional and mechanical obstruction examples

Answer 3

Examples of mechanical obstruction include:
abnormalities affecting the structure of the intestines
foreign bodies within the intestines
impacted feces
tumours
gallstones

functional abdominal surgery complications
intraabdominal infections
chemical or electrolyte imbalances
intestinal ischemia

Question 4

whats IBD

Answer 4

inflammatory bowel disease
inflammation of GI tract and intestines
has two conditions

Question 5

whats crohns disease

what its associated with and leads to

Answer 5

• inflammation affecting All layers of GI affected
  
  • Mostly in small intestine and proximal colon
    Associated with possible nutritional deficiencies due to decreased absorption
• lead to fissures, fistulas, adhesions

Question 6

whats ulcerative colitis

and what it leads to

Answer 6

Inflammation of the mucosa only of the GI tract wall, most commonly in the distal colon (e.g. sigmoid colon).

Repeated inflammation can lead to the formation of haemorrhoids, anal fissures or abscesses. Hemorrahge is also a complication of ulcerative colitis.

Question 7

s/s of IBD

Answer 7

pain, urgency to defecate, diarrhea, nausea/vomit, anorexia - weight loss, bleeding.

Question 8

treatment of IBD

Answer 8

dietary management, surgery (to remove affected section of tract —> may be curative in some cases of U.C)

Question 9

what causes liver disease

Answer 9

Excess alcohol or fat/nutrient consumption —> (reversible) liver steatosis (fatty liver): fat accumulation within hepatocytes (liver cells) —> steatohepatitis (liver inflammation) —> liver cirrhosis (fibrosis leading to liver failure)

Question 10

steatosis vs steatohepatitis

Answer 10

Steatosis: This is the initial phase in which there is a build up of fat in the liver. Generally, this stage is asymptomatic and reversible.

Steatohepatitis: At this point, inflammation has started to attack the fat-filled hepatocytes. The liver is enlarged, and it is starting to become fibrotic. This stage is not reversible, but progression to cirrhosis may be delayed.

Question 11

s/s of liver disease

Answer 11

Nausea/vomiting
Jaundice - due to decreased bilirubin metabolism (build of billirubin)
Ascites - fluid build up in abdomen
Encephalopathy (build up of toxins and waste products affect NS function) with asterixis (flapping tremors)
Bleeding - decrease clotting factors
Swollen veins - varices (esophagus), caput medusae (increased pressure in GI)

Question 12

liver disease treatment

Answer 12

low fat diet and adequate aerobic exercise, and/or cessation of alcohol consumption, can return the liver to its healthy state (in steatosis stage)
liver replacement (cirrohsis)

Question 13

pancreaitis and causes

Answer 13

Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas.

gallstone blocking the common bile duct where it joins the pancreatic duct (ampulla of Vater/hepatopancreatic ampulla)
heavy alcohol consumption

Question 14

gall stone blockage in pancreaitis steps

Answer 14

gall stone block the outlet of pancreatic duct –> backup of pancreatic juice (decreases digestive enzymes for nutrient breakdown)—>
erosion of pancreatic tissue from enzymes –> inflammation
–> ischemia which futher damages pancreatic tissue,
then enzymes leaking into blood which injures other organs
Alterations in blood glucose homeostasis due to pancreatic tissue damage.

Question 15

alcohol consumption steps in pancreaitis

Answer 15

also lead to inflammation, ischemia and pancreatic tissue damage, which can also affect digestive enzyme and hormone production and secretion by the pancreas.

Question 16

s/s of pancreaititis

Answer 16

pain (significant), fever nausea/vomiting, hyperglycemia, abdominal distension, hypotension (due to enzymes released into circulation increasing capillary permeability)

Question 17

treatment of pancreatitis

Answer 17

stop ingestion and get IV fluids, pain management (IV opioids), nasogastric tube (if necessary