GI tract - Exam 1

Question 1

UPPER GI bleeding would occur in what 3 places

Answer 1

esophagus, stomach, duodenum

Question 2

LOWER GI bleeding would occur in what 4 places

Answer 2

jejunum, illiu,m, colon, rectum

Question 3

signs of UPPER GI bleeding

Answer 3

hematemesis, melena

Question 4

sign of LOWER GI bleeding

Answer 4

hematochezia

Question 5

upper GI and lower GI are separated by

Answer 5

the ligament of treitz

Question 6

dysphagia is

Answer 6

difficulty swallowing

Question 7

mechanical dysphagia is due to

Answer 7

muscle weakness

Question 8

functional dysphagia is due to

Answer 8

neuronal issues

Question 9

an example of rare functional dysphagia

Answer 9

achalasia

Question 10

achalasia is

Answer 10

denervation of smooth muscle in the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter

Question 11

CDAD stands for

Answer 11

c diff associated diarrhea

Question 12

CDAD occurs bc antiBX…

Answer 12

wipe out normal/beneficial flora and C diff multiplies rapidly

Question 13

C diff produces ___ and ____

Answer 13

toxins A and B

Question 14

toxins a and b produce

Answer 14

inflammatory response of diarrhea/colitis & pseudomembranous formation on the lining of the colon by neutrophils

Question 15

hyper-virrulent strain of c diff

Answer 15

NAP1/207

Question 16

NAP1/207 has ____ more toxin a and ___ more toxin b

Answer 16

16X more toxin A and 23X more toxin B

Question 17

____ is a more effective treatment for CDAD than vanco

Answer 17

fecal transplantation (81-94% cured vs 23-31%)

Question 18

2 types of hiatal hernias

Answer 18

sliding and paraesophageal

Question 19

sliding hernia is when

Answer 19

stomach comes up through duodenum

Question 20

paraesophageal hernia is when

Answer 20

stomach comes up and esophageal sphincter goes down through diaphragm

Question 21

chronic fundal gastritis is also known as

Answer 21

type a

Question 22

chronic astral gastritis is also known as

Answer 22

type b

Question 23

chronic fundal gastritis/type a is an ___ reaction

Answer 23

immune

Question 24

chronic fundal gastritis/type a causes ___ and ____

Answer 24

atrophy and pernicious anemia

Question 25

chronic antral gastritis/type b is not immune and caused by ___/___

Answer 25

NSAIDS/H pylori

Question 26

pernicious anemia is ____ anemia

Answer 26

b 12 deficiency

Question 27

pernicious anemia is usually ___ and caused by a dec in RBC due to B12 deficiency or lack of intrinsic factor

Answer 27

auto-immune

Question 28

compare erosions and ulcers

Answer 28

erosions are superficial and confined to the epithelial layer vs ulcers which are deep and penetrate into the muscularis mucosa of the duodenal/gastric wall

Question 29

with a ____ ulcer the pain is IMMEDIATE after eating

Answer 29

gastric

Question 30

with a ____ ulcer the pain comes 20-30 min after eating

Answer 30

duodenal (chyme empties from stomach to duodenum)

Question 31

peptic ulcer disease is caused by

Answer 31

helicobacter pylori

Question 32

h pylori produces ____ which increases gastric inflammation and causes erosions and ulcers

Answer 32

ammonia

Question 33

____ is associated with gastrinomas

Answer 33

zolling-ellison syndrome

Question 34

in zolling-ellison syndrome gastrinomas secrete ____ and cause gastric and duodenal ulcers

Answer 34

chronic secretion of gastric acid

Question 35

____ are peptic ulcers related to a severe illness, multi system organ failure or trauma

Answer 35

stress ulcers

Question 36

VIT A deficiency will lead to

Answer 36

night blindness

Question 37

VIT D deficiency will lead to

Answer 37

dec calcium absorption

Question 38

VIT K deficiency will lead to

Answer 38

clotting issues

Question 39

VIT E deficiency will lead to (2 things)

Answer 39

testicular atrophy and neurological defects

Question 40

ulcerative colitis has ____ inflammation of the ____

Answer 40

DIFFUSE inflammation of the mucosal wall (inner)

Question 41

with UC the inflammation is limited to the

Answer 41

COLON/LI

Question 42

with UC the pattern of inflammation is

Answer 42

uninterrupted

Question 43

with chrons disease the inflammation is ____ and ____

Answer 43

patchy and transmural

Question 44

with CD inflammation affects

Answer 44

ANY part of GI (mouth to anus)

Question 45

with CD there are ____ and a ____

Answer 45

skip lesions and a cobblestone effect

Question 46

diverticular disease affects the

Answer 46

COLON/LI

Question 47

with diverticular disease the asymptomatic stage is ____ and the inflammatory stage is ____

Answer 47

diverticulosis is asymptomatic | diverticulitis is inflammatory

Question 48

liver cirrhosis is a

Answer 48

irreversible inflammatory fibrotic disease that disrupts liver fx

Question 49

2 causes of liver cirrhosis

Answer 49

alcohol abuse and viral hepatitis

Question 50

with liver cirrhosis _______ leading to portal HTN

Answer 50

biliary channels become obstructed

Question 51

portal HTN is when blood is _____

Answer 51

shunted away from the liver (necrosis)

Question 52

4 signs/sx of portal HTN

Answer 52

1. varices 2. distended veins 3. ascites 4. splenomegaly

Question 53

varices are caused by ___

Answer 53

portal HTN

Question 54

varices are distended veins that can occur in the __ (3 places)

Answer 54

esophagus, stomach, rectum

Question 55

dx tool for ascites

Answer 55

SAAG (serum ascites albumin gradient)

Question 56

route of transmission for HEP A

Answer 56

fecal/oral route

Question 57

HEP A is only ___ and is ___

Answer 57

acute and is self-resolving

Question 58

HEP ___ and ___ have vaccines

Answer 58

A and B

Question 59

HEP B route of transmission

Answer 59

blood/body fluid, needles, maternal transmission in third tri

Question 60

HEP C route of transmission

Answer 60

post transfusion, blood, high risk sexual activity

Question 61

HEP C has no

Answer 61

vaccine

Question 62

jaundice is also called

Answer 62

icterus

Question 63

skin pigmentation in jaundice is due to

Answer 63

hyperbilirubinemia

Question 64

3 causes of jaundice

Answer 64

cirrhosis, hepatitis, hemolysis of RBC

Question 65

acute pancreatitis dx tool

Answer 65

serum lipase

Question 66

acute pancreatitis can

Answer 66

resolve spontaneously

Question 67

chronic pancreatitis is caused by ____ and can lead to ____

Answer 67

alcohol abuse and can lead to chronic changes

Question 68

with chronic pancreatitis ____ and ____ are destroyed and replaced by scar tissue

Answer 68

acinar cells and islets of langerhans