GI Upper/Lower Sum

Question 1

What are common upper GI symptoms?

Answer 1

Anorexia, vomiting, upper GI bleed, fluid & electrolyte imbalances

Question 2

What are diagnostic tests for upper GI disorders?

Answer 2

Endoscopy, barium swallow, CBC, stool occult blood, electrolytes

Question 3

What causes cleft lip/palate and what are complications?

Answer 3

Congenital defect causing feeding, aspiration, and speech issues

Question 4

What is oral candidiasis?

Answer 4

Thrush caused by Candida albicans; white patches; common in immunocompromised

Question 5

How do dental caries develop?

Answer 5

Strep mutans and Lactobacillus ferment sugars → lactic acid → enamel erosion

Question 6

What is periodontal disease?

Answer 6

Infection of periodontal ligament/bone; often follows gingivitis; can lead to tooth loss

Question 7

What causes dysphagia?

Answer 7

Neurological damage, mechanical obstruction, stroke, tumors

Question 8

What is a hiatal hernia?

Answer 8

Stomach protrudes into thoracic cavity via diaphragm; types: sliding & paraesophageal

Question 9

What are symptoms of GERD?

Answer 9

Heartburn, regurgitation, epigastric pain

Question 10

What aggravates GERD?

Answer 10

Caffeine, alcohol, fatty foods

Question 11

What causes acute vs chronic gastritis?

Answer 11

Acute: NSAIDs, alcohol; Chronic: H. pylori

Question 12

What causes peptic ulcers?

Answer 12

H. pylori, NSAIDs, stress, smoking

Question 13

How to differentiate gastric vs duodenal ulcer?

Answer 13

Gastric: pain with food; Duodenal: pain relieved by food

Question 14

What are common lower GI symptoms?

Answer 14

Diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, lower GI bleed, malnutrition

Question 15

What are diagnostic tests for lower GI disorders?

Answer 15

Colonoscopy, stool culture, CT scan, CRP, ESR, CBC

Question 16

What are symptoms of Crohn’s disease?

Answer 16

Transmural inflammation, skip lesions, diarrhea, weight loss

Question 17

What are symptoms of ulcerative colitis?

Answer 17

Continuous rectal/colon inflammation, bloody diarrhea

Question 18

How to differentiate Crohn’s from UC?

Answer 18

Crohn’s: any GI tract, skip lesions; UC: colon/rectum only, continuous

Question 19

What is IBS?

Answer 19

Functional disorder with abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea or constipation; no inflammation

Question 20

What are signs of appendicitis?

Answer 20

RLQ pain, fever, nausea, McBurney’s point tenderness

Question 21

What is diverticulosis?

Answer 21

Asymptomatic saclike outpouchings of colon mucosa

Question 22

What is diverticulitis?

Answer 22

Inflamed diverticula; LLQ pain, fever, leukocytosis

Question 23

What causes intestinal obstruction?

Answer 23

Mechanical (tumors, adhesions) or functional (ileus)

Question 24

What are symptoms of intestinal obstruction?

Answer 24

Distension, pain, vomiting, high-pitched then absent bowel sounds

Question 25

What causes peritonitis?

Answer 25

Perforated GI tract (ulcer, appendix, diverticulum)

Question 26

What are symptoms of peritonitis?

Answer 26

Rigid abdomen, rebound tenderness, fever, ↑HR, ↓BP