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Second Semester College History > Gilded Age > Flashcards

Gilded Age Flashcards

1
Q

Who coined the term “Gilded Age”?

A

Mark Twain

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2
Q

What were the 6 characteristics of the Gilded Age?

A
  • Greed, scandal, and corruption
  • Moved from Agrarian society to Industrial society
  • Unprecedented economic growth
  • USA became an emerging world power
  • Mass immigration
  • Unequal distribution of wealth - “Haves” and “Have-nots”
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3
Q

How much of the people owned how much of the wealth?

A

Less than 1% of the people (4,000 families) owned 50% of the wealth

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4
Q

How many immigrants came to America at this time?

A

25 million

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5
Q

Why did immigrants come to America at this time? (3)

A
  • Escape religious persecution
  • Escape poverty
  • Start a new life
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6
Q

How did most immigrants make the journey to America?

A

Steamboats

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7
Q

What class did almost all immigrants travel in on their journey to America?

A

3rd class (steerage)

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8
Q

Who wrote the poem that introduced the nickname “The Golden Door” for the Statue of Liberty?

A

Emma Lazarus

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9
Q

What were the 2 major immigration centers?

A

Ellis Island (NYC) and Angel Island (San Francisco)

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10
Q

How many steps were there in the Immigrant processing process and what were they?

A
  • 2
  • Medical inspection
  • Legal inspection
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11
Q

Why did most immigrants settle in cities?

A

Jobs

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12
Q

What were communities that shared the same language and culture called?

A

“Ethnic Islands”

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13
Q

What were dark, crowded, and unsafe clothing factories known as?

A

Sweatshops

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14
Q

What were the 2 Multicultural assimilation theories?

A

Melting Pot theory
Mixed salad theory

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15
Q

Melting Pot Theory

A

immigrant groups will tend to “melt together,” abandoning their individual cultures and eventually become fully assimilated in American Society.

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16
Q

Mixed Salad Theory

A

metaphor for the way a multicultural society can integrate different cultures while maintaining their separate identities.

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17
Q

Why did children assimilate faster?

A

Forced to go to public school

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18
Q

Who were the “Old Immigrants”

A

Most from Northern/Western Europe (Mostly British and German
WASPS- White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.

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19
Q

Who were the “new immigrants”

A

Southern/Eastern Europe/ Italian/Slavic/Asian/Irish/Jewish

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20
Q

Why were new immigrants not welcome at first? (3)

A
  • Job competition - lower wages
  • Religious differences - Catholic/Jewish/Orthodox
  • Cultural differences - They didn’t “fit in” (look, dress, or speak the same language”
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21
Q

What was the goal of the Immigration Restriction League?

A

To restrict immigration

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22
Q

What anti-immigration sentiment came about as a result of the Anti-Immigration backlash?

A

Nativism

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23
Q

What political party was established to restrict and stop immigration?

A

The American Party (Know-Nothings)

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24
Q

What did NINA signs stand for?

A

No Irish need apply

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25
Which act stopped Chinese Immigration for 30 years?
The Chinese Exclusion Act
26
Which act Limited the number of Japanese immigrants to America?
Gentlemen’s Agreement
27
Immigration Act of 1917
Required them to be able to read and write before they could enter the country
28
Which groups did Immigration Act of 1917 target?
Asians and other non-whites
29
Immigrant Contributions to USA: (3)
- Provided workers for the Industrialization of America - Enriched America with unique customs, culture, language and literature - Creative entrepreneurial talents (business)
30
Why did 2/3s of the population move to cities?
JOBS
31
What is meant by Urbanization of America?
Movement of people from the rural/country to the urban/city.
32
What were the 7 major Urban Problems?
- Housing - Transportation - Water - Sanitation - Crime - Factory Working Conditions - Fire
33
Where did the "Working Class" or "Have nots" live in the cities?
Dumbbell Tenements (multi-family dwellings) - Overcrowded and unsanitary
34
Where did the "Middle Class" live in the cities?
Row Houses
35
What methods of transportation were used during this period? (3)
- Mass Transit (designed to move large groups of people) - Streetcars (horse drawn, cable, electric) - Subways - 1st in Boston
36
What diseases were extremely common at this time? (3)
Tuberculosis, Cholera, Typhoid
37
Where was the 1st police force established?
NYC
38
What type of crime was extremely common at this time? (2)
Pickpockets and thieves
39
Why was fire such a major issue at this time (3)
- Wooden building stacked on top of each other - Limited water - Candles and kerosene lanterns = fire!
40
Where was the first fire dept established?
Cincinnati, OH
41
How long did factory workers work?
12 hr days
42
How much were factory workers paid?
$1 per day
43
an organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in the city by providing services to people and businesses in exchange for votes *Goal was to stay in Power
Political Machines
44
illegal use of political influence for personal gain - money
Graft
45
How did political machines work?
immigrants stepped off the boat and the machine would get them a job and a place to stay in exchange for votes/political support
46
What was the most infamous political machine?
Tammany Hall in NYC
47
Who ran the most infamous political machine?
Run by William Tweed (Boss Tweed)
48
What happened to William Tweed? (2)
- made millions of dollars illegally - eventually went to jail
49
Who controlled the US Congress and the White House?
Big Business
50
Who were the 6 presidents during this period? Which one of them was not corrupt?
Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison - All but Grant were corrupt
51
Journalist - drew cartoons to expose corruption of the Bosses and Robber Barons
Thomas Nast
52
Economic growth was fueled by what 3 things
- Wealth from the war - Modern Machinery - Unlimited Workforce (immigrants)
53
“linchpin” - connected America/made America go
Railroads
54
invented the first incandescent light bulb
Thomas Edison
55
What replaced Kerosene lamps?
the first incandescent light bulb
56
a person who has become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices
"Robber Barons"
57
Who controlled "Big Business"
"Robber Barons"
58
Who created industrial “monopolies” (single seller controls all)
"Robber Barons"
59
5 Major Robber Barons:
- Cornelius Vanderbilt - JP Morgan - Henry Ford - Andrew Carnegie - John D. Rockefeller
60
What industry was run by Cornelius Vanderbilt and how much was he worth?
Railroads - worth $2.6 Billion in today's money
61
What industry was run by JP Morgan and how much was he worth?
Banking/Finance - Worth $40 billion in today's money
62
What industry was run by Henry Ford and how much was he worth?
Automobile - $200 billion in today's money
63
What industry was run by Andrew Carnegie and how much was he worth?
Steel - worth $350 billion in today's money
64
What industry was run by John D. Rockefeller and how much was he worth?
Oil - worth over $400 billion in today's money
65
What was the average salary of the working class and how much would it be in today's money?
$365 per year = $5,000 per year in today's money
66
Did the Robber Barons care about their workers?
Not at all except for Rockefeller
67
a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States.
Progressive Era
68
Goal of the Progressive Era
to improve the conditions of the “working class” (poor)
69
exposed the “evils” of society
Muckrakers
70
3 major Muckrakers
Jacob Riis Lewis Hine Upton Sinclair
71
a social reformer journalist/photographer showed “How the other half lived”
Jacob Riis
72
photographer who exposed the evils of child labor
Lewis Hine
73
exposed the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry
Upton Sinclair
74
What were the 8 major reforms during the Progressive Era
- helping the poor - improving working conditions - woman's suffrage - Alcohol Reform/Prohibition - Education Reform - Child labor - Government corruption reform - Ended business “monopolies”
75
founder of the Social Gospel movement - Preached salvation through service to the poor
Washington Gladden
76
community centers that provided services to the poor
Settlement houses:
77
Examples of Settlement Houses (3)
- YMCA - Salvation Army - Hull House
78
organized to protect workers’ rights (better wages, hours, safer working conditions, child labor laws)
1st labor unions
79
stoppage of work to combat “Robber Barons”
Strike
80
Right to vote
Suffrage
81
women who fought for the right to vote
“Suffragettes”
82
4 major “Suffragettes”
- Susan B Anthony, - Lucrecia Mott, - Elizabeth Cady Stanton, - Alice Paul
83
When did women get the right to vote?
1920
84
Who led the prohibition?
women
85
Forbade the sale and consumption of alcohol in US
Prohibition
86
Father of modern public education
Horace Mann
87
Enforced kids to attend public schools
Education reform
88
What happened during the Child Labor reform?
Child labor was outlawed
89
What happened during the Government Corruption reform?
political machines were done away with
90
Who started the YMCA?
George Williams
91
Who started the Salvation Army?
William Booth

Second Semester College History (6 decks)

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