Giolitti as a Leader (1901-14)

Question 1

What does the Liberal middle-class believe in?

Answer 1

• RULE OF LAW
• Freedom of SPEECH
• DEMOCRACY

Question 2

What factors before 1912 heavily influenced your chances of voting?

Answer 2

• AGE
• PROPERTY ownership
  *EDUCATIONal qualifications

Question 3

How many times was Giolitti preseident?

Answer 3

5

Question 4

What was Giolitti’s goal for his time in government?

Answer 4

• Create a MODERNISED, INDUSTRIALISED Italy united under their support of RISORGIMENTO (unification) + LIBERALISM

Question 5

Which key opposition groups did Giolitti have to win the support of to achieve a unified, cooperative Italy?

Answer 5

• Catholics

*Socialists

*Nationalists

Question 6

Giolitti was a master of trasformismo. How?

Answer 6

• Kept a DETAILED FILE of POLITICIANS’ WEAKNESSES
• Kept an alliance of MODERATES around him. No Nationalist/Socialist MAXIMALISTS

Question 7

What did Giolitti think of the Catholic Church?

Answer 7

• “2 PARALLEL LINES that should never meet.”
• Open to doing them FAVOURS, but not making undeliverable promises
• No lost territory return.
• SHARED aim of preventing SOCIALIST DOMINATION
  (Church protective of peasants’ rights)

Question 8

What concessions does Giolitti make to the Catholic Church?

Answer 8

• Relaxes RESTRICTIONS on Church’s influence in EDUCATION

*Church stays INDEPENDENT from gov control/oversight
- Own SCHOOLS
- Own YOUTH MOVEMENT
- Own SPORTS CLUBS

Not too much or anger socialists + jeopardise Church-State separation

Question 9

What did the Pope do in exchange for Giolitti’s concessions?

Answer 9

• Changes ‘NON EXPEDIT’ to allow Catholics to STRATEGICALLY VOTE AGAINST Socialists
• No CATHOLIC PARTY until post-ww1

Question 10

What was Giolitti’s aim with Liberal foreign policy?

Answer 10

• COMPROMISE between NATIONALIST + SOCIALIST wishes

Question 11

How did Giolitti court both the Nationalists + Socialists with his foreign policy? (Until 1911)

Answer 11

Socialists
*UNOBTRUSIVELY CONDUCTED
*DEFENCE spending kept LOW (spent on social reforms)

Nationalists
* OK’s LIBYAN WAR (absorb Nationalist vote into Libs from ANI) - military, expansion, empire

Question 12

Why was the 1911 Libyan War decision a fatal blow for Giolitti + Liberalism?

Answer 12

• Gained Nationalists’ TRUST + good favour, but ANI takes all CREDIT
• CHURCH happy; FINANCIALLY invested
• War COSTLY
• 12% LIBYANS DIE
• Facilitates 1912 franchise extension
• PACIFIST MODERATE Socialists leave Lib-Soc alliance (poor fighting boss’ wars)
• REVOLUTIONARY increase: PSI fallout + War’s cost = 1913 and 14 STRIKES + RIOTS

Question 13

Who gained the vote in the 1912 franchise extension?

Answer 13

• +6 million ppl

*LITERATE men 21+

• ILLITERATE MEN 30+
• 700k naval officers + troops
  (Why can men serve but not vote?)

Question 14

How did Giolitti’s government respond to the 1911-14 Socialist strikes? What were they about?

Answer 14

• Higher WAGES, corruption + MERIDIONALE
• BREAD prices. Attack local town halls

-“ Not doing enough to end the CLASS DIVIDE.”
“Favouring privileged minorities (Northern workers) in reforms.”

RESPONSE:
- Police BRUTALITY on side of Bosses.

Question 15

What did the Revolutionary Socialists do with Lib gov’s police brutality during the 1911-14 strikes?

Answer 15

• Use DEMONSTRATOR 💀’s as AMMO against Liberalism

Question 16

How did Giolitti’s handling of Socialist action change after 1912? What was the consequence?

Answer 16

• Absolute industrial dispute NEUTRALITY
• Police can’t take BOSS’ side (violently/otherwise) in strikes
• ALIENATES Lib gov from WEALTHIER CLASSES (chose unions)

Question 17

How’d the 1911 Libyan War + subsequent franchise extension finally finish Giolitti off?

Answer 17

• Soldier vote = NATIONALISTIC
• Increased working-class vote= 20% PSI
• POLARISED Chamber of Deps = TRASFORMISMO collapses
• Loses 71 seats in election. Resigns w/ Italy more ideologically divided than ever.