Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Path 2 Block 1 > GIT 1 > Flashcards

GIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cant be scraped off; white patch/plaque

A

leukoplakia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

precursor lesions of SCC of mouth

A

leukoplakia
erythroplakia
hairy leukoplakia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

HIV ins by EBV inf
found on lateral border of tongue
TRAP

A

hairy leukoplakia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

oral ulcer
genital ulcer
uveitis

A

behcet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

highly vascular peduncular lesion
biopsy - highly vascular proliferation
micro - find capillaries
common in pregnant

A

pyogenic granuloma - granulation tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

R/F smoking, alcohol
oropharynx - HPV 16
large necrotic ulcerated mass

A

carcinoma of oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

adenocarcinoma of salivary gland origin

A

hard palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

squamous cell with white cytoplasmic vacuole and curved nuclei

A

carcinoma of oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

anisocytosis
loss of polarity
intact BM

A

dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

bilateral lesion
on true vocal cords
seen in heavy smokers and those who impose great strain on vocal cords

A

reactive nodules - singers nodule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

unilateral
on true vocal cords
multiple finger like projections with central fibrovascular cores and covered by an orderly stratified squamous epithelium
adult HPV 6 & 11

A

squamous papilloma - leads to cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

squamous cell carcinoma seen in male chronic smokers in 6th decade/HPV
papilloma - hyperplasia - dysplasia - carcinoma
release TNF-alpha = cancer

A

carcinoma of larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

recurrent, exceedingly painful, superficial oral mucosal ulcerations of unknown etiology
MC in first 2 decades of life
Assoc: behcet dz, IBD, celiac dz

A

aphthous ulcers - canker cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

infection with exudate accumulation in soft tissue in the floor of the mouth
Clinical: redness and swelling of the upper neck, under the chin, tongue may be swollen or out of place
Airway blockage, generalized infection (sepsis), septic shock

A

Ludwig angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sequel to repeated attacks of acute rhinitis, may present as nasal polyp because of mucosal inflammation
Allergens - plant pollens, fungi, animal, dust
IgE mediated immune reaction (immediate hypersensitivity)

A

chronic allergic rhinitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cause thickening of mucosa forming polyp

A

eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

recurrent attack of allergic rhinitis
comp: obstructions
micro: eosinophils
polyps consist of edematous mucosa having a loss storm, often harboring hyper plastic or cystic mucous glands, infiltrated with a variety of inflammatory cells

A

nasal polyps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

benign highly vascular pedunculate tumor
MC - Caucasian child with nose bleeding
located posterolateral wall of the roof of the nasal cavity

A

nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q 
African child 
assoc with Burketts and EBV
micro: lymphoepithelioma 
C/F: nasal obstruction, metastases to the cervical lymph nodes 
tx: radiography
A

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mucoceles are the most common type of inflammatory salivary gland lesion
bacterial - increase amylase
viral - increase amylase and lipase

A

sialaadenitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

MC viral sialaadenitis

A

Mumps

  • increase in amylase and lipase
  • acute pancreatitis
  • mumps orchitis
  • enlarged bilateral parotid glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

female predominate
mixed tumor: Epithelial: resembling ductal cells or myoepithelial cells are arranged in duct formations, acini, irregular tubules, strands, sheets of cells
Loose myxoid tissue, containing islands of cartilage and rarely, foci of bone

high recurrence b/c has irregular borders - incomplete borders

A

pleomorphic adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

male predominate
smokers
Cystic or cleft like spaces are lined by a double layer or neoplastic epithelial cells resting on a dense lymphoid stroma sometimes bearing germinal centers
d/d - NHL

A

warthin tumor - papillary cyst adenoma lymphomatous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Release NO and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide from inhibitory neurons, along with interruption of normal cholinergic signaling allows relaxation

A

ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

located in muscle layer - most active

A

myenteric plexus = auerbach plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

chronic gastric acid exposure - scarring of the esophagus - narrowing lumen

A

stricture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Impaired neural inhibition; swallowing is accompanied by bizarre and marked contractions of the esophagus without normal peristalsis
Barium: corkscrew esophagus

A

diffuse esophageal spasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Very high amplitude peristalsis (pressure over 200) within the esophagus
Chest pain is more common than dysphasia

A

nutcracker esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

protrusion of esophageal mucosa
accompanied by iron deficiency anemia, glossitis, and cheilosis as part of the Paterson brown Kelly or Plummer Vinson syndrome
microcytic hypochromic anemia
Complications - SCCA, obstruction’s

A

esophageal webs/folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Increased tone of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), as a result of impaired smooth muscle relaxation
myenteric plexus degeneration
triad: Incomplete relaxation of LES, Aperistalsis , Increased resting tone of LES
secondary: T Cruzi infection, Disorders of dorsal motor nuclei , scleroderma/CREST

A

achalasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q 
Rat tail (bird beak) appearance of lower esophagus 
Endoscopic pneumatic dilation of LES is a common treatment modality
A

achalasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

comp: Cancer and candida infection
clinical: Progressive dysphasia
Nocturnal regurgitation and aspiration of undigested food may occur

A

achalasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Type C = MC
Complications: aspiration of gastric content after birth and Lung abscess, polyhydramnios to the mother
May clinically present with 1st meal of the baby

A

tracheoesophageal fistula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

occurs at GEJ
LES diates - pressure goes down; funds get sucked through
predisposes to GERD

A

axial or sliding hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

only part of stomach sucked through lateral to esophagus

creates an obstruction; can lead to gangrene

A

rolling type- para esophageal mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

painful hematuria in bulimic or alcoholic
longitudinal tears if the mucosa of esophagus at GEJ
retching (hiccup) - increase pressure of LES
hiatal hernia
path = increase intra abdominal pressure
clinical: syncope due IDA, fresh blood, met acidosis
heal by regeneration of mucosa

A

mallory weiss syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

complication of mallory weiss
transmural tearing and ruptured if the distal esophagus
hematemesis does not occur
infiltrate on CXR - haziness around mediastinum (blood) and shoulder pain

A

boerhaave syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

caused by candidiasis, herpes and CMV

A

esophagitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

shadow round ulcer, intracellular with giant cells

A

herpes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

linear ulcer intracellular

no giant cells

A

CMV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

reflux of acid HCL gastric contents into the LE
MC esophagitis in USA
acute inflammation - eosinophils recruited
severe pain mimics MI

A

reflux esophagitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

marker for eosinophils

A

major basic protein

43
Q

increase hydrostatic pressure
Dilated submucosal esophageal veins in lower third of esophagus
Cause: portal HTN following alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatic schistosomiasis

A

esophageal varices

44
Q

Esophageal varices

A

alcoholism - cirrhosis - portal HTN - increase hydrostatic pressure

45
Q

results: massive upper GI hemorrhage when ruptures —> hypovolemia, shock (collapse)

A

Esophageal varices

46
Q

morph: ortuous dilated veins lying primarily within the submucosa of the distal esophagus and proximal stomach; varicella rupture in hemorrhage into the lumen or the esophageal wall, in which case the overlying mucosa appears ulcerated and necrotic

A

Esophageal varices

47
Q

false diverticulum - out pouching of tube

only mucosa and submucosa

A

diverticula of esophagus

48
Q

caused by cricopharyngeal motor dysfunction
mucosa only
halitosis, bleeding, lump in throat, aspiration pneumonia = lung abscess, dysphagia

A

Zenkers

49
Q

nocturnal regurgitation of mastic amounts of fluid and blood

A

epiphrenic

50
Q

heartburn and persistent cough

sliding hernia, low LES tone, alcoholism, hypothyroidism, systemic sclerosis

A

GERD

51
Q

late complication of GERD

A

ulceration with stricture or adenocarcinoma

52
Q

what causes strictures in GERD

A

acid = esophagitis = fibrosis

53
Q

complication of GERD

morph: columnar epithelial metaplasia with goblet cells (intestinal metaplasia) from squamous cell
comp: adenocarcinoma

A

barretts esophagus

54
Q

Clinical: causing burning retrosternal pain after meals or when laying flat; presents as hoarseness, sour taste in the mouth (water brash), worsening asthma, chronic cough.
ref flag: dysphagia, odynophagia and weight loss

A

barretts esophagus

55
Q

adenocarcinoma R/F

A

GERD and its R/F

hiatal hernia

56
Q

presents as polyp
bundle of smooth muscle cells
female

A

GIST - gastointestinal stromal tumor (benign leiomyoma)

57
Q

lower 1/3

arises from barretts

A

adenocarcinoma

58
Q

upper 2/3

arise from smoking and alcohol

A

SCCA

59
Q

Clinical nutrition: risk adenocarcinoma is reduced by diets rich in fresh fruits and vegetables
Freq in Caucasian and 7x more likely in men

A

esophageal adenocarcinoma

60
Q

causes: alcohol, tobacco, HPV, smoking, N nitroso compound, Vit A def, hot beverages, previous radiation to the mediastinum
6x MC in African Americans
morph: 2/3 of esophagus
gross: fungating tumor with central necrosis
clinical - rapid weight loss

A

malignant esophagus SCC

61
Q

presences of eso cancer symptoms

A

dysphagia for solids that progresses to liquids, hematemesis, weight loss

62
Q

projectile vomitng, non bilious
metabolic acidosis
oval mass upper abdomen (develop mass b/c of hypertrophy muscle and creating small lumen)
tx: pyloroplasty

A

hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

- adults can get after duodenal ulcer

63
Q

loss of mucosa above MM + neutrophils + blood
petechia - each spot is erosion
reversible, blood, acid produced
causes: H pylori, aspirin, NSAIDS, smoking, burns, Brian injury, stress, uremia, post surgery
- PG inhibition

A

acute gastritis

64
Q

caused by H pylori or autoimmune (pernicious anemia)

atrophy, no acid production, not reversible

A

chronic gastritis

65
Q

flow chart for gastrin

A

amino acids, peptides, stomach distention - antral G cells secrete gastrin into blood - causes parietal cell action increase motility

66
Q

gastrin levels do not fluctuate in

A

gastrinoma

67
Q

location of parietal cells

A

fundus and body of stomach

68
Q

aligns mucosal cells but does not invade
affects pylorus and antrum - destroying g cells
special sliver stain - neutrophils
gastrin normal or decreased

A

H pylori inf

69
Q

cancers from H pylori inf

A

maltoma

intestinal type adenocarcinoma

70
Q

tests for H pylori

A

Ab in blood
+ urea breath test
Ag present in stool

71
Q

flow chart for H pylori inf

A

normal gastric mucosa > H pylori ingestion > acute gastritis > chronic active gastritis & atrophic gastritis > intestinal metaplasia > dysplasia > gastric cancer

72
Q

antibodies > destroy parietal cells & chief cells
atrophic gastritis + intestinal metaplasia (goblet cells) + lymphocytes
inflammatory cells - lymphocytes & macrophages

A

autoimmune gastritis - pernicious anemia

73
Q

decrease acid, decrease pepsis > activate G cells that secrete gastrin increase

A

autoimmune gastritis - pernicious anemia

74
Q

serology for autoimmune gastritis

A

antibodies to parietal cells (H+, K+, ATPase, intrinsic factor)

75
Q

complications for autoimmune gastritis

A

atrophy
pernicious anemia
adenocarcinoma
carcinoid tumor

76
Q

can occur at any part of GIT that is caused by HCL that is secreted by parietal cells

A

peptic ulcer

77
Q

H pylori creates ulcer due to release of

A

IL8
IL 1 beta
Il 10
TNF

they all recruit neutrophils

78
Q

H pylori also breaks down phospholipids by

A

secreting phospholipase (decrease mucin production - loss protection and decrease prostaglandins) leading to ulcer

79
Q

H pylori sticks to wall of stomach by

A

flagella - identifies location and hide h pylori in lumen

80
Q

locations of peptic ulcers

A 
duodenal
gastric
meckels diverticulum 
GEJ; GERD or Barretts 
margins of gastrojejunostromy
81
Q

MC peptic ulcer

A

duodenal

eat small amount of food every hour

82
Q

causes for duodenal ulcer

A

H pylori
- serological tests detect IgG antibodies

NSAID
-older than 60 years - decrease PG (more acid, less mucous, less blood flow)

83
Q

single: small, oval 1-3 cm
punched out margins
clean ulcer base
pt do not eat

clinical: pain (due to acid prod) tends to occur 1-3 hrs after meals during the day, is worse at night (11 PM & 2 AM), pain aggravated by food, thin built, weight loss

A

benign gastic ulcer

84
Q

d/d for benign gastric ulcer

A

atherosclerosis of superior mesenteric artery > ischemia of GIT

85
Q 
large
rolled up (heaved up) margins
inward mucosal folds; necrotic base 
investigations
1) biopsy 2) CT scan for staging 3) CEA titer study
A

malignant gastric ulcer

86
Q

producing neuroendocrine tumor

A

gastrinoma

87
Q

multiple non healing ulcers

A

Zollinger Ellison syndrome

  • tumor
  • diarrhea
  • ulcer
88
Q

complications of peptic ulcer

A

bleeding
perforation - air under diaphragm
obstruction
cancer (increase size, irregular margins, necrosis)

89
Q

increase BUN/Cr - active bleeding

breaks down blood intestine creating urea which is reabsorbed creating Increase BUN/Cr in blood

A

bleeding in peptic ulcer

90
Q

epithelium only

A

erosion

91
Q

entire mucosa & beyond (cross MM)

A

ulceration

92
Q

excess mucosa production leading to protein loss (edema due to decrease oncotic pressure) & parietal cell atrophy > achlomydria

A

menetrier dz

93
Q

increase EGFR
male > female
enlarged gastric rugal fold like brain (hypertrophied rug of stomach with excess mucus production)

A

menetrier dz

94
Q

massive foveolar hyperplasia + hypoplasia pf parietal and chief cells is typical
reduced gastric acid

A

menetrier dz

95
Q

age over 50
men
blood gap A
lesser curvature

A

gastric adenocarcinoma

96
Q

small shrunken stomach

signet ring cells in all layers of stomach

A

linitis plastica = infiltrating or diffuse (desmoplasia)

97
Q

other locations for gastrin metastasis

A 
left supraclavicular sentinel node
umbilical mets (sister Mary Joseph nodule)
both ovaries - krunkenburg tumor

assoc with dermatomyositis & acanthosis nigricans

98
Q

TNF & TGF-B

thick, velvety, black skin srordn neck, axillary, inguinal

A

acanthosis nigricans

99
Q

bizarre and large cells
more mitosis
worse prognosis

A

anaplastic

100
Q

tumor producing too much gastrin

A

multiple no healing ulcers

101
Q

tumor producing too much serotonin

A

carcinoid syndrome

- flushing, diarrhea, bronchospasm, tricuspid and pulmonic valves

102
Q

3 R/F for gastric cancer

A

chronic gastritis from any cause
blood group A
nitrosamines - Japan

103
Q

gastrectomy would require the pts to consume

A

B12 for life

Path 2 Block 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions