GIT 2 Flashcards
(24 cards)
Name the common gastrointestinal disorders.
Peptic ulcer, nausea and vomiting, constipation, hypomotility disorders, inflammatory bowel diseases.
What are the regulators of gastric acid secretion?
Acetylcholine, histamine, gastrin.
What is the definition of a peptic ulcer?
It is a damage in gastric mucosa due to an imbalance between mucosal defense and gastric acid secretion.
What are the causes of peptic ulcers?
Imbalance between mucosal defense and gastric acid secretion.
Name the causes of imbalance between mucosal defense and gastric acid secretion.
Chronic NSAID use, chronic H. pylori infection, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, stress.
What are the risk factors for peptic ulcers?
Male gender, O blood group, smoking.
What are the clinical features of a peptic ulcer?
Recurrent abdominal pain, vomiting, loss of appetite, heartburn.
What are the two classifications of peptic ulcers?
Gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer.
What are the complications of peptic ulcers?
Hemorrhage, infection, narrowing and obstruction, perforation, malignant transformation.
What are the treatment strategies for peptic ulcers?
Acid suppressive therapy, mucosal protective therapy, antacids, H. pylori therapy, sedatives.
Name the types of acid suppressive therapy.
H2-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, muscarinic antagonists.
Name examples of H2-receptor antagonists.
Cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, roxatidine.
What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of H2-receptor antagonists?
Reversible competitive inhibitors of H2-receptors, reducing cAMP and HCL secretion.
What are the side effects of H2-receptor antagonists?
Diarrhea, constipation, headache, dizziness, gynecomastia (cimetidine).
Name examples of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).
Omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole.
What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of PPIs?
Inhibit proton pumps in parietal cells, reducing HCL secretion.
What are the side effects of proton pump inhibitors?
Nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, vitamin B12 deficiency with prolonged therapy.
Name types of mucosal protective therapy.
Prostaglandin analogs (misoprostol), sucralfate, bismuth subsalicylate, carbenoxolone.
What are the pharmacodynamics of misoprostol?
Prostaglandin E1 analog; stimulates mucin and bicarbonate secretion, inhibits adenylyl cyclase to reduce cAMP.
What are the side effects of misoprostol?
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, abortion (increased uterine contractility).
What is the combination therapy for H. pylori?
Two antibiotics and an acid-suppressive drug.
What is the definition of nausea and vomiting?
Protective reflexes that rid the stomach and intestine of harmful content.
Name drug classes used to treat nausea and vomiting.
5-HT3 receptor antagonists, dopamine receptor antagonists, antihistamines, anticholinergics.
What are the classifications of laxatives?
Bulk-forming, osmotic, stimulant, stool softeners, coating agents.
