Pharmacology Git

Question 1

Name examples of H2-receptor antagonists.

Answer 1

Cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, roxatidine.

Question 2

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of H2-receptor antagonists?

Answer 2

Reversible competitive inhibitors of H2-receptors, reducing cAMP and HCL secretion.

Question 3

What are the side effects of H2-receptor antagonists?

Answer 3

Diarrhea, constipation, headache, dizziness, gynecomastia (cimetidine).

Question 4

What are the drug-drug interactions of cimetidine?

Answer 4

Inhibits cytochrome P450, slowing metabolism of drugs like warfarin, diazepam, phenytoin.

Question 5

Name examples of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).

Answer 5

Omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole.

Question 6

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of PPIs?

Answer 6

Pro-drugs activated in parietal cells; inhibit proton pumps irreversibly to reduce HCL secretion.

Question 7

What are the therapeutic uses of PPIs?

Answer 7

Treatment of peptic ulcers, GERD, and as part of H. pylori eradication therapy.

Question 8

What are the side effects of proton pump inhibitors?

Answer 8

Nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, vitamin B12 deficiency with prolonged therapy.

Question 9

Name examples of muscarinic antagonists used in GIT disorders.

Answer 9

Pirenzepine, telenzepine.

Question 10

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of muscarinic antagonists?

Answer 10

Selective M1-receptor blockers; reduce HCL secretion and act as antispasmodics at high doses.

Question 11

What are the side effects of muscarinic antagonists?

Answer 11

Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation.

Question 12

What are the contraindications of muscarinic antagonists?

Answer 12

Glaucoma, urinary retention.

Question 13

What are examples of mucosal protective agents?

Answer 13

Misoprostol, sucralfate, bismuth subsalicylate, carbenoxolone.

Question 14

What is the mechanism of action of misoprostol?

Answer 14

Prostaglandin E1 analog; stimulates secretion of mucin and bicarbonate ions, inhibits adenylyl cyclase.

Question 15

What are the side effects of misoprostol?

Answer 15

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, abortion (increased uterine contractility).

Question 16

What is sucralfate’s mechanism of action?

Answer 16

Polymerizes in acidic pH to form a viscous gel that adheres to ulcers and stimulates PG production.

Question 17

What are the side effects of sucralfate?

Answer 17

Dry mouth, constipation.

Question 18

What are examples of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists?

Answer 18

Ondansetron, dolasetron, granisetron.

Question 19

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists?

Answer 19

Antagonize 5-HT3 receptors, suppressing nausea and vomiting.

Question 20

What are examples of dopamine receptor antagonists used as antiemetics?

Answer 20

Prochlorperazine, chlorpromazine, metoclopramide.

Question 21

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of metoclopramide?

Answer 21

Antagonizes D2 and 5-HT3 receptors; has antiemetic and prokinetic effects.

Question 22

What are the therapeutic uses of metoclopramide?

Answer 22

Used for nausea, vomiting, and hypomotility disorders.

Question 23

What are the side effects of metoclopramide?

Answer 23

Parkinson-like symptoms, hyperprolactinemia, sedation.

Question 24

What are the classifications of laxatives?

Answer 24

Bulk-forming, osmotic, stimulant, stool softeners, coating agents.

Question 25

What are examples of bulk-forming laxatives?

Answer 25

Psyllium, methylcellulose, pectin, wheat bran.

Question 26

What is the mechanism of bulk-forming laxatives?

Answer 26

Absorb water in the intestine, swell, stimulate bowel reflex, and increase motility.

Question 27

What are examples of osmotic laxatives?

Answer 27

Magnesium salts, sodium phosphates, glycerin, lactulose.

Question 28

What is lactulose used for besides constipation?

Answer 28

Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy by reducing ammonia absorption.

Question 29

What are the side effects of osmotic laxatives?

Answer 29

Flatulence, abdominal cramps, hypermagnesemia in renal impairment.

Question 30

What are examples of drugs used for IBD treatment?

Answer 30

Sulfasalazine, glucocorticoids, antibiotics, immunosuppressive agents, immunomodulators.

Question 31

What is the mechanism of action of sulfasalazine?

Answer 31

Suppresses pro-inflammatory mediators like IL-1 and TNF-α; used in ulcerative colitis.

Question 32

What are the side effects of sulfasalazine?

Answer 32

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

Question 33

What is infliximab's mechanism of action?

Answer 33

Antibody to TNF-α, a principal mediator of Crohn's disease.