GIT 5.1

Question 1

The 7 major organs of the GIT are:
(Many People Enjoy Spicy Sausages Like Rice)

Answer 1

Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum

Question 2

Each of major organs of the GIT are hollow structures and separated from each other at key locations by 6 sphincters of the GIT tract - these include
(U Like Pretty slow Icecream Afterall)

Answer 2

1. oesophageal sphincter (UES)
2. lower oesophageal sphincter (LES)
3. pyloric sphincter,
4. sphincter of Oddi,
5. ileocecal sphincter,
6. anal sphincter.

Question 3

6 Accessory organs are critical for digestion and include:
(Tiny Tigers Sip Good Lemonade Passionately)

Answer 3

Teeth
Tongue
Slaivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

Question 4

The GIT system works under both

Answer 4

Neural and hormonal control

Question 5

What are 6 essential activities involved in the processing of food:

Answer 5

Ingestion
Propulsion (motility)
Mechanical breakdown
Chemical digestion (enzymes)
Absorption
Defecation

Question 6

Motility is known as the what function of the GIT

Answer 6

Motor

Question 7

What are the 2 main types of movements that take place in the GIT

Answer 7

1. Peristalsis
2. segmental contractions

Come about due to rhythmic movement of the smooth muscle lining of GIT

Question 8

The smooth muscle activity is the result of what 2 stimuli?

Answer 8

Intrinsic (neural)
Extrinsic (hormonal)

Question 9

Peristalsis

The muscularis of the alimentary tract has an inner and outer layer - what are they named?

Answer 9

Inner: circular muscle
Outer: longitudinal muscle

Question 10

Peristalsis

Peristalsis is a simultaneous and progressive …

Answer 10

wave of contractions and relaxations of the smooth muscle

Question 11

What happens behind and infront of the food bolus?

Answer 11

Behind = circular muscles contract and longitudinal relax
Infront = circular muscles relax and longitudinal contract

Question 12

Segmental contractions involve

Answer 12

Alternating backward and forward contractions and relaxations of the longitudinal muscles in the GIT wall

Question 13

Segmental contractions churn food to enhance

Answer 13

digestion and absorption

Question 14

Segmentation is responsible for mixing food with

Answer 14

digestive juices and mucus to form chyme

Question 15

The digestive tract comprises several different organs working together to digest food and absorb nutrients. Which of the following are classified as MAJOR ORGANS in the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 15

*Pharynx
Salivary glands (accessory)
Oesophagus

Mouth
Small Intestine

Question 16

What is a repeating wave of contractions and relaxation of smooth muscle within the GIT that is responsible for the movement of food along the tract?

Answer 16

Peristalsis

Question 17

Where does the motility of peristalsis occur in the GIT?

Answer 17

throughout all of the tract or all segments of the GIT

Question 18

Segmental contractions are one key component of mechanical digestion. What other TWO processes contribute to mechanical digestion?

Answer 18

Chewing in the mouth.
correct
Churning in the stomach.

Question 19

Absorption occurs after both

Answer 19

mechanical and chemical digestion.

Question 20

Segmentation occurs where in the GIT?

Answer 20

small and large intestine or intestines

Question 21

Saliva’s primary function is to

Answer 21

lubricate food and begin the chemical digestive process

Question 22

Saliva is composed of

Answer 22

water
electolytes (salts)
mucus
digestive enzymes
antibacterial agents

Question 23

Both mechanical and chemical breakdown begins in the

Answer 23

mouth

Question 24

swallowing (deglutition) is a complex reflex process that involves what receptors?
And results in the contraction of the ….?

Answer 24

Sensory receptors in the back of the throat that detect food
and results in the contraction of the …. pharynx

Question 25

Mastication is under the control of motor pattern generators in the

Answer 25

central nervous system

Question 26

What factors modify mastication?

Answer 26

dentition and salivation, food consistency.

Question 27

Saliva is secreted by the

Answer 27

Salivary glands (accessory organ)

Question 28

# Salivation The digestion of carbohydrates and lipids are conducted by what saliva enzymes

Answer 28

Amylase and lipase

Question 29

What saliva enzymes act as an antimicrobial wash and is important in maintaining oral health

Answer 29

Lysozymes (anti-microbial) Lactoperoxidase Proteases

Question 30

he control of saliva production is by both the divisions of the autonomic nervous system - which include:

Answer 30

Parasympathetic Sympathetic

Question 31

# Regulation of saliva Parasympathetic nerves are stimulated by | release acetylcholine leading to increased salivary secretion ## Footnote - a watery, less alkaline saliva.

Answer 31

mouth (taste), sight, smell or even just the thought of eating food

Question 32

# Regulation of saliva Sympathetic nervous system release of noradrenaline causes

Answer 32

a drier mouth, with a small increase in mucus rich salivary secretion.

Question 33

# Swallowing The process of swallowing is known as

Answer 33

Deglutition

Question 34

Name the 5 cranial nerves involved in swallowing

Answer 34

CN 5 Trigeminal CN 7 Facial CN 9 Glossopharyngeal CN 10 Vagus CN 12 Hypoglossal

Question 35

What are the 3 phases of deglutition (the journey)

Answer 35

The oral/ buccal phase: the tongue moves the bolus from the oral cavity into the oropharynx. The pharangeal phase: the bolus is moved from the oropharynx into the oesophagus. The oesophageal phase: the bolus is moved from the oesophagus into the stomach.

Question 36

What are the roles saliva plays in digestion?

Answer 36

Lubrication Digestion Antimicrobial action

Question 37

What ar the key digestive enzymes in saliva

Answer 37

Amylase lipase

Question 38

Activation of the parasympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous System results in the following effects on salivation.

Answer 38

More saliva A watery saliva

Question 39

Which of the following is INCORRECT in regards to the ORAL phase of deglutition? * Voluntary control of swallowing occurs. * The tongue moves the bolus from the oral cavity into the oropharynx. * The upper oesophageal sphincter is open. * Another term for this phase is the "buccal" phase.

Answer 39

The upper oesophageal sphincter is open.

Question 40

Which of the following is INCORRECT in regards to the PHARYNGEAL phase of deglutition? The upper oesophageal sphincter (UES) relaxes, allowing food to move into the oesophagus. The food bolus is moved from the oropharynx into the oesophagus. The glottis is open. The pharynx contracts moving food into the oesophagus.

Answer 40

The glottis is open. > The glottis is closed and prevents food entering the respiratory system. Furthermore inspiration is inhibited.

Question 41

Which of the following is INCORRECT in regards to the OESOPHAGEAL phase of deglutition? The lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) has lower resting tone, allowing food to enter the stomach. The food bolus moves via peristalsis. Longitudinal smooth muscle behind the bolus in the oesphagus contract to propel the bolus towards the stomach This phase is involuntary.

Answer 41

Longitudinal smooth muscle behind the bolus in the oesphagus contract to propel the bolus towards the stomach

Question 42

According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare during 2020-2021 there were 3.6 choking deaths per 100,000 persons. What are the structures in healthy humans that prevent choking? Larynx and epiglottis Uvula and soft palate Sphincter and oesophagus Tongue and hard palate

Answer 42

Larynx and epiglottis

Question 43

Pancreatic EXOCRINE secretion involves which of the following? Peptidases Bicarbonate ions Somatostatin Pancreatic amylase Secretin Acinar cells | More than one correct answer.

Answer 43

Peptidases Bicarbonate ions Pancreatic amylase Secretin Acinar cells

Question 44

Which of the following are characteristic of digestive peptidases? | More than one correct answer.