GIT Flashcards

(98 cards)

1
Q

Algorithmic approach to aetiologies of abdominal signs in small ruminants

A
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2
Q

Worm egg counts

A

Faecal exam is

vital

:

o

WEC (remember need spec

ial techniques for fluke eggs)

consider situations were

you’d do several individual animals vs. a representative ‘bulk’ sample from the mob

‘Bulk’ WECs commonly done to

monitor a

mob

of sheep: collect 10

-

20 fresh

samples

(i.e., 1

-

2 faecal collection trays) directly

from paddock or yard

s

quick, easy, cheap ($20

25/tray)

o

Faecal

culture

(need to collect directly from rectum) can also be used, but need good

interpretation

of results:

consider w

hat is easy to culture/may be an incidental

finding vs. what is hard to cultu

re and may give false negatives

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3
Q

What is redgut?

A
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4
Q
A

Redgut

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5
Q
A

Redgut with intestinal rotation or ventral displacement of the intestines

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6
Q

Causes of sudden death in sheep

A
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7
Q

Epi and Pathogenesis of Red Gut

A
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8
Q

Clinical signs and necropsy findings in Red Gut

A
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9
Q

Treatment and control of Red Gut

A
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10
Q
A
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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Intermittent inappetance, dullness, recumbency and deaths in late pregnant ewes– receiving on and off grain ration in paddock

A
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13
Q

Mgt and prevention of ruminal acidosis?

A
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14
Q

History and risk factors of ruminal acidosis

A
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15
Q

Clinical signs and diagnosis of ruminal acidosis

A
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16
Q

Treatment and prevention of ruminal acidosis

A
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17
Q

Epi and risk factors, and clinical signs and diagnosis of shy feeders?

A
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18
Q

Management of shy feeders?

A
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19
Q

What is a key time to watch out for ruminal acidosis in sheep in intensive systems?

A
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20
Q

DDX for sudden death in sheep aside from ruminal acidosis

A
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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Shy feeders management and prevention

A
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23
Q

General guidelines for introducing animals into feedlots

A
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24
Q

May see a number of different disorders in the same mob if under stress

A
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25
26
Enterotoxaemia/pulpy kidney in a 3-week-old goat kid: OK at 6 am, by 8 am vocalising, recumbent, swollen abdomen. Treated with finadyne . Dead at 8:30am
27
28
Worm-- treatment and control?
29
Persistent inappetance, Salmonellosis and inanitition syndrome (PSI) Epi and general
30
Enterotoxaemia Pathogenesis, Epi, and Diagnosis
31
Enterotoxaemia treatment and control?
32
Coccidiosis Epi, Clin signs, and diagnosis?
33
Treatment and control of coccidiosis?
34
Yersiniosis epi, clin signs, diagnosis and tx?
35
Production areas of sheep in AUS
36
37
Costs to the industry from parasites in sheep
38
Nematode life cycle main points
39
40
41
Summar (jan- mar)
42
43
44
45
Epi in south-eastern Australia (winter rainfall)
46
Patterns of infection- winter rainfall?
47
Summer autumn contamination
48
Worm egg counts of wethers in a dry summer
49
Worm egg counts of wethers in a wet summer
50
Patterns of infection summer rainfall
51
Current control programs (winter rainfall)
1. Test for drench resistance (every 3-4 years): WECRT or single post-drench WEC 2. 1- or 2-strategic summer treatments: must be highly effective (combinations), variable timing of SD1- pastures drying off/ Dec, SD2 in Feb 3. WEC Monitoring to avoid unnecessary treatments: bulk WEC, 10-20 sheep/mob, all mobs before SD2 (cut off is 25-50 epg), before SD1, weaners- after autumn break (every 4-6 weeks), ewes before lambing (need a pre-lamb drench?) 4. Treatment of introduced sheep 5. Grazing management (wet years, high rainfall): lower risk pastures for weaners (& maiden ewes) 6. Nutrition: meet feed availability & CS targets for ewes, growth targets for weaners, feed protected protein, pastures containing condensed tannins 7. Breeding for increased immunity (resistance)-- rams selected for low WEC (-ve WEC EBVs) 8. Identify risks for low refugia: drought and crops, strongly mediterranean climates
52
53
Anthelmintic resistance
54
Efficacy of the macrocyclic lactones
55
Risk factors for resistance
56
Anthelmintic resistance issues
57
Has Anthelmintic rx reduced farm productivity and profitability?
58
Options to combat low refugia populations
But... caution needed: 1. Worm ecology and control programs differ markedly between regions: amount and distribution of rainfall, length of growing season 2. Importance of summer/autumn contamination in winter rainfall areas 3. Differences between wool and prime lamb flocks
59
60
Estimates of over -summering larval populations in Victoria
61
Conclusions on refugia- SE Australia
62
preparing low risk pastures
63
Sheep-cattle interchange
64
65
Effects of age and lactation on total worm counts
66
Effect of reproduction and genotype on total worm count
67
selection for low WEC- yearly gains accumulate to give long term control
68
Host immunity-- vaccines to nematodes?
69
Nematophagous fungi
70
Liver fluke epi
71
Liver fluke control options
72
Goat considerations with parasites
73
Take home points sheep parasites
74
Patterns of infection- winter rainfall
75
nutritional strategies-- parasites
76
Resistant ewes have a lower peri-parturient rise in WEC
77
The major problems causing diarrhoea in small ruminants
3. Adult sheep - Yersiniosis - Salmonellosis - (OJD) 4. Nutritional scouring- lush feed, PRG endophyte, phalaris 5. Neonatal scouring: - Cryptosporidia, Giardia - E. coli, Rota, and Coronaviruses
78
79
Pathophysiology of diarrhoea
80
81
82
Hypersensitivity scouring-- winter and uniform rainfall areas
83
Does treatment with a controlled release anthelmintic capsule prevent most dag??
84
Low doses of worm larvae induce scouring in susceptible sheep
85
What happens in the gut of hypersensitivity scouring sheep?
86
Cause and diagnosis of hypersensitivity scouring
87
Control of hypersensitivity scouring
88
Weaner enteritis/ colitis
89
DDX for weaner enteritis/ colitis Diagnosis
90
Weaner enteritis treatment
91
Yersiniosis and risk factors
92
Diagnosis of Yersiniosis
93
Yersiniosis treatment
94
Salmonellosis
95
Treatment and control of Salmonellosis
96
Nutritional scours
97
Neonatal diarrhoea
98
Relative Risk and Odd Ratio