GIT Disorders

Question 1

Name the major categories of GIT disorders

Answer 1

Functional disorders = looks normal but doesn’t work properly

Structural disorders = looks abnormal and doesn’t work properly

Question 2

Name stool changes occurring because of GIT disorders

Answer 2

Blood in stool
Very narrow stool
Changes in bowel habits

Question 3

Name symptoms of GIT disorders

Answer 3

Unusual or severe abdominal pain
Unexplained weight loss
Heartburn not relieved by antacids
Fatigue

Question 4

Primary causes for functional disorders (lifestyle)

Answer 4

Eating less fibre
Not exercising enough
Changes in routine = travelling
Too much diary
Stress

Question 5

Primary causes for functional disorders (medical)

Answer 5

Resisting urge to have a bowel movement
Overusing laxatives
Certain medicines = anti-depressants, iron pills
Pregnancy
Ageing

Question 6

What type of disorders if gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and why?

Answer 6

Functional disorder

Organ looks the same but lower oesophageal sphincter weakens causing heartburn

Question 7

What are the consequences of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?

Answer 7

Reflux of gastric acid irritates oesophagus = damaging lining & causing inflammation

Question 8

What can bring on heartburn?

Answer 8

Pregnancy, alcohol, certain foods & medications

Question 9

What type of disorder are peptic ulcers and where are they found?

Answer 9

Functional disorders

Gastric and duodenal ulcers

Question 10

What causes of gastric ulcers?

Answer 10

Helicobacter pylori infection
Alcohol
Drugs = NSAIDs

Question 11

What causes duodenal ulcers?

Answer 11

Stress
Over production of gastric acid

Question 12

How do helicobacter pylori infections cause ulcers?

Answer 12

Disrupting the gastric mucosal barrier
Inducing inflammation and immune responses,
Increasing gastric acid production
Causing direct mucosal damage
Impairing the healing processes of the gastric mucosa

Question 13

How do NSAIDs cause ulcers?

Answer 13

Inhibition COX enzymes, which synthesize prostaglandins

Prostaglandins maintain integrity of gastric mucosal barrier and regulate gastric acid secretion

Question 14

How does alcohol cause ulcers?

Answer 14

Increase permeability of gastric mucosa, allowing harmful substances to penetrate more easily into the underlying tissues

Question 15

How does stress cause ulcers?

Answer 15

Activates SNS so stress hormones are released = causing secretion of gastric acid

Altered gut motility and increased permeability may disrupt the balance of microorganisms in the gut (microbiota), contributing to inflammation and mucosal injury in the stomach and intestines.

Question 16

What type of disorder is irritable bowel syndrome?

Answer 16

Functional disorder = spastic, irritable colon or nervous stomach

Question 17

What causes IBS?

Answer 17

Certain foods, medicines & emotional stress

Question 18

What to avoid with IBS?

Answer 18

Caffeine & alcohol
Minimize stress

Question 19

What to take for IBS?

Answer 19

Increase fibre
Medication

Question 20

What type of disorder is constipation?

Answer 20

Functional disorder

Question 21

Usual causes of constipation?

Answer 21

Inadequate fibre
Disruption of regular routine

Question 22

Treatments for constipation?

Answer 22

Increase dietary fibre
Exercise regularly
Laxatives

Question 23

What type of disorder is haemorrhoids and why?

Answer 23

Structural disorder because swollen blood vessels line the anal opening

Question 24

What are the causes of haemorrhoids?

Answer 24

Chronic excess pressure from straining during bowel movements

Persistent diarrhea
Pregnancy

Question 25

Treatments of hemorrhoids?

Answer 25

Improving bowel habits Surgery

Question 26

What type of disorder is diverticulosis and why?

Answer 26

Structural disorder because it causes a small out-pouching in muscular wall of large intestine

Question 27

Causes of diverticulosis?

Answer 27

High pressure over wekened area

Question 28

Consequences of diverticulosis?

Answer 28

Infection, bleeding & obstruction

Question 29

Treatments of diverticulosis?

Answer 29

Antibiotics Increased fluids

Question 30

What can develop into colorectal cancer?

Answer 30

Polyps

Question 31

What are polyps?

Answer 31

Colonic polyps are abnormal growths that develop in the lining of the colon or rectum. They are quite common, especially in older adults. Most colonic polyps are benign, but some may develop into colorectal cancer over time if left untreated.

Question 32

Are there symptoms in early colorectal cancer?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

What type of disorder is liver disease?

Answer 33

Structural disorder

Question 34

What are the stages of liver damage?

Answer 34

Fatty liver = deposits of fat cause liver enlargement Liver fibrosis = scar tissue forms Cirrhosis = growth of connective tissue destroys liver cells

Question 35

What is fatty liver?

Answer 35

Fatty liver = deposits of fat cause liver enlargement

Question 36

What is liver fibrosis?

Answer 36

Liver fibrosis = scar tissue forms

Question 37

What is cirrhosis?

Answer 37

Cirrhosis = growth of connective tissue destroys liver cells

Question 38

What is hepatitis, and how is it caused?

Answer 38

Inflammation of the liver Acute hepatitis = caused by virus could recover on its own Chronic hepatitis = caused by virus, metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases...