GIT PHYS

Question 1

wen u have taste smell, thought of food etc, the stimulation to get salviation is via

Answer 1

parasymp nerves

Question 2

ptyalism/drooling

Answer 2

treated by atropine (muscarinic antagonist) -start with low dose

Question 3

serostomia (dry mouth) diagnosis n treatment

Answer 3

5% citric acid
swallowing difficulty (ask pt to swallow dry biscuit without water)
treat cause first then use muscarinic antagonist

Question 4

para activation on salivation

Answer 4

get lots of more saliva output

response is sustained (over long time)

if u chop of para nerve- u get decreased secretion AND atrophy of salivary glands

Question 5

sympa activation on salivation

Answer 5

get only a little bit more of saliva output

response is only for short time (transient)

if u chop of sympa nerve (denervate it)- get decreased secretion only

Question 6

mucus cells release

Answer 6

mucus

Question 7

parietal cells release

Answer 7

intrinsic factor and hcl

Question 8

chief cell release

Answer 8

pepsinogen

Question 9

enteroendocrine cells:

ECL and G

Answer 9

ECL-histamine

G-gastrin

Question 10

wat cells are where in gastric gland?

Answer 10

mucus on top
then parietal n chief
then enteroendocrine

Question 11

pernicious anemia

Answer 11

we need it B12 for maturation of rbc.

no parietal cell=
no inrinsic factor
=no vit b 12 absorption

Question 12

pepsin works at what ph

Answer 12

around 1.8 to 3.5 it

if ph above 5, it doesn’t work

Question 13

STIMULATION OF PARIETAL CELLS ie RECEPTOR MEDIATED ACID SECRETION

Answer 13

Gastrin, histamine, Ach can act on receptors to stimulate parietal cells to release more HCL

Question 14

STIMULATION OF PARIETAL CELLS ie RECEPTOR MEDIATED ACID SECRETION

Answer 14

• via ACH, HISTAMINE and GASTRIN acting directly onto the receptors
• via gastrin doing long way
• Via Ach doing long way
• Caffeine

Question 15

Somatostatin

Answer 15

inhibits HCL secretion

Question 16

things that stimulate HCL secretion from parietal cells?

Answer 16

Gastrin, histamine, Ach

caffeine –get more acid secretion when theres too much caffeine

Question 17

long way of gastrin stimulating HCL secretion from parietal cell

Answer 17

1. meat or protein food stimulate G cells to release gastrin
2. when gastrin is released, it stimulates ECL cells to relase histamine
3. histamine tells parietal cells to release HCL and intrinsic factor

Question 18

STIMULATION OF PEPSINOGEN RELEASE

Answer 18

1. by each from vagus nerves/gastro enteric nervous plexus

2. acidity in stomach (not much. mainly no. 1^)

Question 19

cephalic phase of HCL secretion

Answer 19

stimulus: semll, sight sound, chewing, thought of food, taste

stimulates parietal cell to release HCL via Ach n gastrin

Question 20

gastric phase of HCL secretion

Answer 20

stimulus: distention of stomach, presence of semi digested proteins, an increase in ph (more alkaline)

stimulates parietal cell to release HCL via Ach n gastrin

Question 21

intestinal phase of HCL secretion

Answer 21

stimulus: stretch of duodenum, protein digested products

inhibits secretionof hl by decreasing Ach and gastrin secretion

Question 22

exocrine

Answer 22

into duct

Question 23

endocrine

Answer 23

into blood stream

Question 24

pancreas exocrine ducts

Answer 24

secretes pancreatic juice

Question 25

pancreatic juic

Answer 25

• =pancreatic enzymes + sodium bicarbonate | is alkaline

Question 26

pancreatic enzymes that are inactive wen secreted

Answer 26

* trypsinogen * chymotrypsinogen * carboxypolypeptidase

Question 27

pathway fro secretion of proteolytic enzymes from pancreas

Answer 27

1. trypsinogen activated to trypsin by enterokinase 2. trypsin then activates a lot of stuff a. chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin b. procarboxypolypeptidase into carboxypolypeptidase c. trypsinogen into trypsin

Question 28

sodium bicroabonate (component of pancreatic juice) is released by

Answer 28

epithelial cells of the ductules and ducts.

Question 29

enzymes (component of panreatic juice) released by

Answer 29

acini cells

Question 30

at top of intestine, ACIDITY of chyme stimulates release of

Answer 30

secretin from S cells

Question 31

at top of intestine, ACIDITY of chyme stimulates release of

Answer 31

secretin from S cells

Question 32

at top of intestine, FATTINESS of chyme stimulates release of

Answer 32

CCK from T cells

Question 33

secretin job

Answer 33

at pancreas: stimulates the release of a sodium bicarbonate water solution at pancreas at liver- stimulates the ductal cells to secrete an alkaline or bicarbonate solutions

Question 34

cck job

Answer 34

o CCk stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes at pancreas also comes down onto gall bladder (tells gall bladder to constract) AND relaxation of Sphintor of Oddi

Question 35

secretin job

Answer 35

stimulates the release of a sodium bicarbonate water solution at pancreas

Question 36

cck job

Answer 36

o CCk stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes at pancreas also acts on gall bladder (tells gall bladder to constrict)

Question 37

Ach going to pancreas does what

Answer 37

stimulates the pancreas to release pancreatic enzymes in cephalic n gastric stage

Question 38

longitudinal smooth muscles cells does wat

Answer 38

• SHORTENING OF THE GUT (ie vertically) will involve longitudinal cells

Question 39

circular cells

Answer 39

• CONSTRICTION OF THE GUT (ie horizontally will involve circular cells

Question 40

oesophageal peristalsis

Answer 40

above the bolus, have constriction | below the bolus, have shortening

Question 41

sympa actiavtion on sphinctor=

Answer 41

closes sphinctor

Question 42

parasympa n myenteric plexus on sphinctor

Answer 42

relaxes/opens sphinctor

Question 43

autonomic nerves are in

Answer 43

circular smooth muscle layer

Question 44

para symp on gut motility n secretion

Answer 44

aCH will increase gut motitly n secretion

Question 45

MOTILITY OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

Answer 45

o Segmenting contractions | o Migrating Myoelectric Contractions

Question 46

MIGRATING MYOELECTRIC COMPLEX:

Answer 46

wen ur not eating/no food in entering stomach stomach to the large intestine initiated by increase in chypme PH or motlin (eating stops release of motilin)

Question 47

MOTILITY OF LARGE INTESTINE

Answer 47

 Haustral contractions |  Mass movements

Question 48

Wen u defaecate:

Answer 48

o Rectum contracts o Internal anal sphincter relaxes o External anal sphincter relaxes

Question 49

HIRSHPSRUNG DISEASE

Answer 49

FROM Aganglionic megacolon

Question 50

achalasia

Answer 50

lower oesophageal sphinctor fails to relax

Question 51

portal triad

Answer 51

hepatic artery hepatic portal vein bile duct

Question 52

pathway of bile seccretion

Answer 52

``` liver cannaliculi terminal Bile duct hepatic duct common bile duct (duo or cystic duct into gall bladder ```

Question 53

leptin

Answer 53

makes u feel full hormone acts on arcuate ..of hypothalamus tells brain about fat: more fat=more leptin=less hunger decreases NPY expression in obesed ppl-decreased sensitivity to leptin low leptin=low reproductive hormone levels increased leptin= increased thermogenesis

Question 54

ghrelin

Answer 54

makes u feel hungry hormone | secreted wen stomach is empty

Question 55

leptin

Answer 55

makes u feel full hormone acts on arcuate ..of hypothalamus tells brain about fat: more fat=more leptin=less hunger decreases NPY expression in obesed ppl-decreased sensitivity to leptin low leptin=low reproductive hormone levels increased leptin= increased thermogenesis spring= leptin effective autumn=leptin not effective